Baixe CITES, 2003. Guide to Trade Database e outras Notas de estudo em PDF para Biologia, somente na Docsity! A Guide to Interpreting Outputs from the CITES Trade Database Version 5.5 July 2004 UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE Contents INTRODUCTION 3 1. COMPILATION OF CITES TRADE DATA AT UNEP-WCMC 3 1.1 THE UNEP-WCMC CITES TRADE DATABASE 3 1.2 ANNUAL REPORTING REQUIREMENTS OF THE PARTIES TO CITES 3 1.3 WHY ANALYSE CITES TRADE DATA? 4 1.4. STATUS AND ACCURACY OF CITES ANNUAL REPORT DATA 5 1.5 REFERENCING THE CITES TRADE STATISTICS 6 2. COMPARATIVE TABULATIONS 7 2.1 INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA 7 2.2 THE SCOPE OF DATA TO CHOOSE FROM 8 2.3 REPORT FORMAT 9 3. GROSS/NET TRADE TABULATIONS 10 3.1 INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA 10 3.2 SCOPE OF THE DATA 11 3.3 REPORT FORMAT 11 ANNEX 1. TERMS AND UNITS 12 ANNEX 2. PURPOSE AND SOURCE CODES 13 ANNEX 3. COUNTRY CODES 14 ANNEX 4. CITES PARTIES (CHRONOLOGICAL) WITH DATE OF ENTRY INTO FORCE 17 ANNEX 5. CITES PARTIES (ALPHABETICAL) WITH DATE OF ENTRY INTO FORCE 19 ANNEX 6. CONTACT DETAILS 21 CITES Trade Database - Interpretation Guide ver.5.5 5 • To identify major anomalies in the reporting of imports and exports • To identify where the levels of trade might adversely effect wild populations 1.4. Status and accuracy of CITES annual report data The data entered into the UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database undergo a four-stage checking process. i) Visual check of each annual report is made to attempt to identify any obvious problems. ii) Several of the data input fields have mandatory values against which the data are compared iii) Records are checked for correct species distribution (fauna only) and valid combinations of taxon and term, taxon and source etc. It should be noted that this checking process has only been functioning since November 1995. iv) A further visual check is made of all database outputs. Where concerns arise over the clarity or accuracy of the data submitted, these are normally communicated directly to the relevant Management Authorities. It is recommended that Parties base their annual reports on permits that have been used, however some Parties base their reports simply on the permits or certificates they have issued. It is not uncommon for the quantity of specimens traded to be considerably less than the amount specified on the permits, or for permits not to be used at all. Thus trade transactions which may never have taken place at all, as well as inaccurately reported volumes of trade will exist in the CITES trade data. Details on the method of reporting used for reports received are available from UNEP-WCMC on request (see Annex 6 for contact details). CITES Notification to the Parties No. 788 of 10 March 1994 stated that, "as information on trade in manufactured products is of limited use, it is recommended that records of trade in manufactured specimens of species in Appendices II and III be summarized". This is re-iterated in subsequent and replacement Notifications to the Parties on Annual Reports. Thus from January 1994 UNEP-WCMC has not been required to computerise re-exports of manufactured products of Appendix II and III species under the terms of its contract with the CITES Secretariat. Also, since 1992 the only data on artificially propagated Appendix II and III plants held in the database are those which can be directly input electronically. Since data for these two groups are therefore incomplete they are usually excluded from outputs unless specifically requested by the user. CITES Trade Database - Interpretation Guide ver.5.5 6 1.5 Referencing the CITES trade statistics The data source for statistics derived from the UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database, should be referenced as follows: "CITES trade statistics derived from the CITES Trade Database, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK." UNEP-WCMC and the CITES Secretariat would appreciate receiving copies of any products or reports produced using data derived from the UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database. Thank you. We have tried to include enough information in this document to enable a good understanding of the printouts we provide and the data therein. If you have any queries concerning the outputs or this guide please contact the staff at UNEP-WCMC who will be pleased to offer further assistance (see Annex 6 for contact details). We are also interested to learn of any anomalies or potential errors you may find in the statistics. CITES Trade Database - Interpretation Guide ver.5.5 7 2. Comparative Tabulations 2.1 Interpretation of the Data This output is most commonly used to determine the accuracy of reporting. Reported exports or re- exports from one country can be compared with the imports reported by another. They are extremely useful for assessing compliance with national and international trade controls, e.g., trade bans and quotas. Comparative Tabulations also show the reported sources, e.g. wild, captive-bred, artificially propagated, etc., and the purpose of the trade, e.g. commercial, scientific, personal, etc. It is useful to examine the reported purpose and source of the specimens in trade (where this is available), especially with regard to trade in Appendix I species and exports from non-range states. The Gross/Net Trade Tabulations described in Section 3, do not contain information on source and purpose. Normally all the data presented in Comparative Tabulations are summed. This means that all quantities traded are added together for all records where the following details are the same - taxon, description of items traded, importer, exporter, country of origin, purpose of transaction, source of material and the year in which the trade occurred. If all the details of transactions (except quantity) are reported identically by both importer and exporter/re-exporter they will appear on the same line of the tabulation. It should be appreciated that trade between two countries, involving the same shipments, frequently fails to show perfect correlation. On many occasions this is due to the source or the purpose being reported differently. This would cause the records of the importer and exporter not to be shown on the same line of the tabulation. Below are some examples to illustrate the various reasons for lack of correlation (these are fabricated examples of trade in Crocodylus niloticus). Imports Exports Year App. Species Imp Exp Term Quantity Unit Term Quantity Unit Purpose Source 1. In this first example the records have not been matched because the purpose codes reported by the importer and exporter are not the same (although note in this case they are both equally correct) 1998 1 Crocodylus niloticus US TZ SKI 1 P W 1998 1 Crocodylus niloticus US TZ SKI 1 H W 2. Here the exporter has not reported a purpose for the transaction and the records do not therefore correlate 1998 2 Crocodylus niloticus ES ZW SKI 100 T W 1998 2 Crocodylus niloticus ES ZW SKI 100 W 3. In this case the exporter has reported exporting bellyskins and the importer skins (no units), again both have reported the trade accurately but the records will not correlate 1998 2 Crocodylus niloticus JP BW SKI 500 T R 1998 2 Crocodylus niloticus JP BW SKI 500 BSK T R 4. The transaction may have been reported using different terms by the two trading partners 1998 2 Crocodylus niloticus GB KE MEA 200 KIL T R 1998 2 Crocodylus niloticus GB KE 1 BOD T R CITES Trade Database - Interpretation Guide ver.5.5 10 3. Gross/Net Trade Tabulations 3.1 Interpretation of the data This output is most commonly used to determine the volume of trade in a given species or genus, however one can also use it determine the volume of trade involving a particular country. As the UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database data dates from 1975 to the present (although the last year for which comprehensive statistics are available is usually two years before the present one) trade levels and patterns can be analysed over a period of time. Gross exports are the sum of all reported exports and re-exports in a particular commodity or species in a particular year or series of years; gross imports are the sum of all reported imports. Gross trade is thus a simple measure of the total number of items recorded in international trade. However, gross trade may be an overestimate of the total number of actual specimens in trade as re-exports are not deducted from the total. Net trade is the gross trade less export/re-export data. For example, 1000 items are exported from country A to country B. Country B then re-exports 500 to country C. The gross trade total would therefore indicate that 1500 had been exported, but subtraction of the re-export data would result in a total net export figure of 1000 (Country A has net exports of 1000; Country B, net exports of 0 and net imports of 500; Country C has net imports of 500). Net exports = the positive difference between total (re-)exports (gross) and the total imports (gross). Net imports = the positive difference between total imports (gross) and total (re-)exports (gross) Gross exports = the total quantity (re-)exported of a given commodity Gross imports = the total quantity imported of a given commodity The total quantities derived for net exports and net imports for a given taxon will be the same and likewise for gross exports and gross imports. It is the countries involved in the trade, whether an importer or an exporter, which will differ. UNEP-WCMC's gross/net trade output program looks at the trade reported between countries and initially calculates the total number of items imported or (re-)exported. Each trade record is treated both as an export and an import record for the purpose of the calculation and, in the case where one of the trading partners reports more than the other, or perhaps one party fails to report (e.g. where the trade involves a non-Party), the higher figure is selected in order that the trade is not underestimated. The program then subtracts each country's re-exports from their gross imports in order to calculate the net trade. It should be noted that total gross exports will be the same figure as total gross imports for a given taxon in a given year and similarly, total net exports will be the same as total net imports. Careful manipulation of the raw data before using the program makes the production of outputs very flexible. They can be customized to show trade by, for example, individual species, trade summed by genus or even trade summed simply as all flora (or fauna). In addition, specific countries or geographic regions, e.g. Africa, European Union, etc. may be selected. CITES Trade Database - Interpretation Guide ver.5.5 11 3.2 Scope of the data The user can define the composition of any Gross/Net trade Tabulation. For example, any of the following can be selected: • Gross/net exports (or re-exports) from a specified country • Gross/net imports by a specified country • Gross/net trade involving a specified country (including trade where it has been reported as the country of origin of re-exported specimens) • Gross/net trade in a specified species (or higher taxon) • Gross/net trade in a specified item • Gross/net trade in a specified year • Gross/net trade over a period of time, e.g. 1993-1998 Of course, combinations of these can also be produced, such as: • Net exports of Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus, skins from a specified country in a specified year. 3.3 Report format The Gross/Net Trade tabulations are not completely standard in appearance. They may contain a combination of the following headings: Year the year in which the trade took place. More than one year can be shown on the same page Taxon scientific name of animal or plant involved Appendix CITES Appendix Term description of specimens traded Unit e.g. kg. If no unit is shown, the figure represents the total number of specimens. Country Country involved in the trade (if the gross/net trade tabulation has been created to contain transactions of gross/net imports this will be the country of import. Likewise if the tabulation has been created to contain transactions of gross/net exports, this will be the country of export.) The output may also include the country of origin but it should be noted that the data would no longer be true gross or net figures. For example, if one of the trading partners reports a country of origin (in the case of re-exports) but the other partner doesn't then the same transaction will be counted twice and thus lead to an overestimation. Gross/net trade is therefore normally calculated without reference to the country of origin. CITES Trade Database - Interpretation Guide ver.5.5 12 Annex 1. Terms and Units The preferred term and unit codes to be used by CITES Parties are described in CITES Notification to the Parties. No. 2002/022. Below is a list of those terms and units (highlighted in bold). Additional terms and units that have previously been used in the UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database are also included. TERMS BAR Bark BEL Belts BOC Bone carvings BOD Bodies BON Bones BOP Bone pieces BPR Bone products BUL Bulbs CAL Calipee CAP Carapaces CAR Carvings CHP Chips CLA Claws CLO Cloth COR Raw corals COS Coral sand CST Chess sets CUL Cultures DER Derivatives DPL Dried plants EAR Ears EGG Eggs EGL Eggs (live) EXT Extract FEA Feathers FIB Fibres FIN Fin FLO Flowers FOO Feet FPT Flower pots FRA Spectacle frames FRN Items of furniture FRU Fruit GAB Gall bladder(s) GAL Gall GAR Garments GEN Genitalia GRS Graft rootstocks HAI Hair HAN Handbags HAP Hair products HEA Heads HOC Horn carvings HOP Horn pieces HOR Horns HOS Horn scraps HPR Horn products IVC Ivory carvings IVP Ivory pieces IVS Ivory scraps LEA Leather LIV Live LOG Logs LPL Large leather products LPS Small leather products LVS Leaves MEA Meat MUS Musk OIL Oil OTH Other PEA Pearls PIE Pieces PKY Piano keys PLA Plates POW Powder QUI Quills ROO Roots SAW Sawn wood SCA Scales SCR Scraps SEE Seeds SHE Shells SHO Pairs of shoes SKD Skin sides SKE Skeletons SKI Skins SKO Leather items SKP Skin pieces SKS Skin scraps SKU Skulls SOU Soup SPE Specimens SPO Sponges STE Stems SWI Swim bladders TAI Tails TEE Teeth TIC Timber carvings TIM Timber TIP Timber pieces TIS Tissue cultures TRO Trophies TUS Tusks UNS Unspecified VEN Veneer VNM Venom WAL Wallets WAT Watchstraps WAX Wax WOO Wood products UNITS BAG Bags BAK Backskins BOT Bottles BOX Boxes BSK Bellyskins CAN Cans CAS Cases CCM Cubic centimetres CRT Cartons CTM Centimetres CUF Cubic feet CUM Cubic metres FEE Feet FLA Flasks GRM Grammes HRN Hornback skins INC Inches ITE Items KIL Kilogrammes LTR Litres MGM Milligrammes MLT Millilitres MTR Metres MYG Microgrammes OUN Ounces PAI Pairs PCS Pieces PND Pounds SET Sets SHP Shipments SID Sides SKI Skins SQC Square centimetres SQD Square decimetres SQF Square feet SQM Square metres TON Metric tons CITES Trade Database - Interpretation Guide ver.5.5 15 IT Italy JM Jamaica JO Jordan JP Japan KE Kenya KG Kyrgyzstan KH Cambodia KI Kiribati KM Comoros KN Saint Kitts and Nevis KP Korea, Democratic People's Republic of KR Korea, Republic of KW Kuwait KY Cayman Islands KZ Kazakhstan LA Lao People's Democratic Republic LB Lebanon LC Saint Lucia LI Liechtenstein LK Sri Lanka LR Liberia LS Lesotho LT Lithuania LU Luxembourg LV Latvia LY Libyan Arab Jamahiriya MA Morocco MC Monaco MD Moldova, Republic of MG Madagascar MH Marshall Islands MK Macedonia ML Mali MM Myanmar MN Mongolia MO Macau MP Northern Mariana Islands MQ Martinique MR Mauritania MS Montserrat MT Malta MU Mauritius MV Maldives MW Malawi MX Mexico MY Malaysia MZ Mozambique NA Namibia NC New Caledonia NE Niger NF Norfolk Island NG Nigeria NI Nicaragua NL Netherlands NO Norway NP Nepal NR Nauru NU Niue NZ New Zealand OM Oman PA Panama PC former Pacific Trust Territory PE Peru PF French Polynesia PG Papua New Guinea PH Philippines PK Pakistan PL Poland PM St Pierre and Miquelon PN Pitcairn PR Puerto Rico PS Occupied Palestinian Territory PT Portugal PW Palau PY Paraguay QA Qatar RE Réunion RO Romania RU Russian Federation RW Rwanda SA Saudi Arabia SB Solomon Islands SC Seychelles SD Sudan SE Sweden SG Singapore SH St Helena and Dependencies SI Slovenia SJ Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands SK Slovakia SL Sierra Leone SM San Marino SN Senegal SO Somalia SR Suriname ST Sao Tome and Principe SU former Soviet Union SV El Salvador SY Syrian Arab Republic SZ Swaziland TC Turks and Caicos Islands TD Chad TF French Southern Territories TG Togo TH Thailand TJ Tajikistan TK Tokelau TL Timor-Leste TM Turkmenistan TN Tunisia TO Tonga TR Turkey TT Trinidad and Tobago TV Tuvalu CITES Trade Database - Interpretation Guide ver.5.5 16 TW Taiwan, Province of China TZ Tanzania, United Republic of UA Ukraine UG Uganda UM United States Minor Outlying Islands US United States of America UY Uruguay UZ Uzbekistan VA Vatican City State (Holy See) VC Saint Vincent and the Grenadines VE Venezuela VG Virgin Islands (British) VI Virgin Islands (U.S.) VN Viet Nam VU Vanuatu WF Wallis and Futuna Islands WS Samoa XA1 French Antilles XC1 Caribbean XE1 Europe XF1 Africa XM1 South America XS1 Asia XV1 Various XX1 Unknown YE Yemen YT Mayotte YU former Yugoslavia/ Serbia & Montenegro ZA South Africa ZC1 former Czechoslovakia ZM Zambia ZW Zimbabwe ZZ Introduction of the sea 1 non-ISO codes NB. Up to date information on two-letter country codes and English country names can be obtained from: http://www.iso.ch/iso/en/prods-services/iso3166ma/02iso-3166-code-lists/list-en1.html CITES Trade Database - Interpretation Guide ver.5.5 17 Annex 4. CITES Parties (chronological) with date of entry into force (as of 28.04.04) United States of America (US) 01.07.75 Nigeria (NG) 01.07.75 Switzerland (CH) 01.07.75 Tunisia (TN) 01.07.75 Sweden (SE) 01.07.75 Cyprus (CY) 01.07.75 Ecuador (EC) 01.07.75 Chile (CL) 01.07.75 Uruguay (UY) 01.07.75 Canada (CA) 09.07.75 Mauritius (MU) 27.07.75 Nepal (NP) 16.09.75 Peru (PE) 25.09.75 Costa Rica (CR) 28.09.75 South Africa (ZA) 13.10.75 Brazil (BR) 04.11.75 Madagascar (MG) 18.11.75 Niger (NE) 07.12.75 Morocco (MA) 14.01.76 Ghana (GH) 12.02.76 Papua New Guinea (PG) 11.03.76 Germany (DE) 20.06.76 Pakistan (PK) 19.07.76 Finland (FI) 08.08.76 India (IN) 18.10.76 Congo, Dem. Rep. (CD ex-ZR) 18.10.76 Norway (NO) 25.10.76 Australia (AU) 27.10.76 United Kingdom (GB) 31.10.76 Iran (IR) 01.11.76 Russian Federation (RU ex-SU) 08.12.76 Paraguay (PY) 13.02.77 Seychelles (SC) 09.05.77 Guyana (GY) 25.08.77 Denmark (DK) 24.10.77 Senegal (SN) 03.11.77 Nicaragua (NI) 04.11.77 Gambia (GM) 24.11.77 Malaysia (MY) 18.01.78 Venezuela (VE) 22.01.78 Botswana (BW) 12.02.78 Egypt (EG) 04.04.78 Monaco (MC) 18.07.78 France (FR) 09.08.78 Panama (PA) 15.11.78 Togo (TG) 21.01.79 Kenya (KE) 13.03.79 Jordan (JO) 14.03.79 Indonesia (ID) 28.03.79 Sri Lanka (LK) 02.08.79 Bahamas (BS) 18.09.79 Bolivia (BO) 04.10.79 Italy (IT) 31.12.79 Guatemala (GT) 05.02.80 Tanzania (TZ) 27.02.80 Liechtenstein (LI) 28.02.80 Israel (IL) 17.03.80 Japan (JP) 04.11.80 Central African Republic (CF) 25.11.80 Rwanda (RW) 18.01.81 Suriname (SR) 15.02.81 Zambia (ZM) 22.02.81 Portugal (PT) 11.03.81 Argentina (AR) 08.04.81 China (CN) 08.04.81 Liberia (LR) 09.06.81 Mozambique (MZ) 23.06.81 Zimbabwe (ZW) 17.08.81 Cameroon (CM) 03.09.81 Belize (BZ) 21.09.81 Philippines (PH) 16.11.81 Colombia (CO) 29.11.81 Guinea (GN) 20.12.81 Bangladesh (BD) 18.02.82 Austria (AT) 27.04.82 Malawi (MW) 06.05.82 Sudan (SD) 24.01.83 Saint Lucia (LC) 15.03.83 Thailand (TH) 21.04.83 Congo (CG) 01.05.83 Belgium (BE) 01.01.84 Algeria (DZ) 21.02.84 Luxembourg (LU) 12.03.84 Trinidad & Tobago (TT) 18.04.84 Benin (BJ) 28.05.84 Netherlands (NL) 18.07.84 Honduras (HN) 13.06.85 Hungary (HU) 29.08.85 Afghanistan (AF) 28.01.86 Somalia (SO) 02.03.86 Spain (ES) 28.08.86 Singapore (SG) 28.02.87 Dominican Republic (DO) 17.03.87 El Salvador (SV) 29.07.87 Burundi (BI) 06.11.88 Saint Vincent/Grenadines (VC) 28.02.89 Chad (TD) 03.05.89 Gabon (GA) 15.05.89 Ethiopia (ET) 04.07.89 Malta (MT) 16.07.89 New Zealand (NZ) 08.08.89 Vanuatu (VU) 15.10.89 Burkina Faso (BF) 15.01.90 Poland (PL) 12.03.90 United Arab Emirates (AE) 12.05.90 Cuba (CU) 19.07.90 CITES Trade Database - Interpretation Guide ver.5.5 20 Netherlands (NL) 18.07.84 New Zealand (NZ) 08.08.89 Nicaragua (NI) 04.11.77 Niger (NE) 07.12.75 Nigeria (NG) 01.07.75 Norway (NO) 25.10.76 Pakistan (PK) 19.07.76 Palau (PW) 15.07.04 Panama (PA) 15.11.78 Papua New Guinea (PG) 11.03.76 Paraguay (PY) 13.02.77 Peru (PE) 25.09.75 Philippines (PH) 16.11.81 Poland (PL) 12.03.90 Portugal (PT) 11.03.81 Qatar (QA) 06.08.01 Romania (RO) 16.11.94 Russian Federation (RU ex-SU) 08.12.76 Rwanda (RW) 18.01.81 Saint Kitts and Nevis (KN) 15.05.94 Saint Lucia (LC) 15.03.83 Saint Vincent/Grenadines (VC) 28.02.89 Sao Tome and Principe (ST) 07.11.01 Saudi Arabia (SA) 10.06.96 Senegal (SN) 03.11.77 Serbia and Montenegro (CS ex-YU) 28.05.02 Seychelles (SC) 09.05.77 Sierra Leone (SL) 26.01.95 Singapore (SG) 28.02.87 Slovakia (SK ex-CS) 28.05.92 Slovenia (SI) 23.04.00 Somalia (SO) 02.03.86 South Africa (ZA) 13.10.75 Spain (ES) 28.08.86 Sri Lanka (LK) 02.08.79 Sudan (SD) 24.01.83 Suriname (SR) 15.02.81 Swaziland (SZ) 27.05.97 Sweden (SE) 01.07.75 Switzerland (CH) 01.07.75 Syrian Arab Republic (SY) 29.07.03 Tanzania (TZ) 27.02.80 Thailand (TH) 21.04.83 Togo (TG) 21.01.79 Trinidad & Tobago (TT) 18.04.84 Tunisia (TN) 01.07.75 Turkey (TR) 22.12.96 Uganda (UG) 16.10.91 Ukraine (UA) 29.03.00 United Arab Emirates (AE) 12.05.90 United Kingdom (GB) 31.10.76 United States of America (US) 01.07.75 Uruguay (UY) 01.07.75 Uzbekistan (UZ) 08.10.97 Vanuatu (VU) 15.10.89 Venezuela (VE) 22.01.78 Viet Nam (VN) 20.04.94 Yemen (YE) 03.08.97 Zambia (ZM) 22.02.81 Zimbabwe (ZW) 17.08.81 CITES Trade Database - Interpretation Guide ver.5.5 21 Annex 6. Contact Details CITES Trade Database Team UNEP-WCMC 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)1223 277314 Fax: +44 (0)1223 277136 Email: species@unep-wcmc.org http://www.unep-wcmc.org CITES Secretariat International Environment House Chemin des Anémones CH-1219 Châtelaine, Geneva Switzerland Tel: +4122 917-8139 / 40 Fax: +4122 797-3417 Email: cites@unep.ch http://www.cites.org