Baixe Os minerais minérios em microscópio - Guia optico e outras Notas de estudo em PDF para Geologia, somente na Docsity! ELSEVIER ATLASES IN GEOSCIENCE 3 THE ORE MINERALS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE An Optical Guide ATLASES IN GEOSCIENCE, 3 The Ore Minerals Under the Microscope An Optical Guide Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK First edition 2008 Copyright © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com. 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Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-444-52863-6 ISSN: 1574-1966 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at www.elsevierdirect.com Printed and bound in Hungary 08 09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Mineral Strunz-Group Page I - Elements I/A - Metallic and Intermetallic Compounds, Carbides, Nitrides, Phosphides and Silicides Copper Silver Gold I/A.01-10 4 I/A.01-20 I/A.01-40 6 8 Auricupride Amalgam Aluminium Cadmium Lead Iron Kamacite Taenite I/A.01-50 I/A.02-30 10 12 I/A.03-05 I/A.04-40 14 16 I/A.05-20 I/A.07-10 18 20 I/A.07-20 I/A.08-20 22 24 Awaruite Cohenite Carlsbergite Sinoite Schreibersite Gupeiite Xifengite Fersilicite I/A.08-40 I/A.09-50 26 28 I/A.10-20 I/A.10-50 30 32 I/A.11-20 I/A.12-30 34 36 I/A.12-40 I/A.12-50 38 40 Hexaferrum Osmium Ruthenium Rutheniridosmine Iridium Platinum Hongshiite Isoferroplatinum I/A.13-15 I/A.13-20 42 44 I/A.13-30 I/A.13-40 46 48 I/A.14-30 I/A.14-70 50 52 I/A.14-90 I/A.15-10 54 56 Tulameenite Atokite Niggliite Stannopalladinite Palarstanide Plumbopalladinite Paolovite Cabriite I/A.15-30 I/A.16-20 58 60 I/A.16-40 I/A.16-50 62 64 I/A.16-60 I/A.16-70 66 68 I/A.17-10 I/A.17-20 70 72 Taimyrite I/B - Semimetals and Nonmetals Arsenic Antimony Bismuth Arsenolamprite I/A.17-30 74 I/B.01-10 76 I/B.01-30 I/B.01-40 78 80 I/B.01-50 82 V Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements & Sample Sources Instrument Settings Preface XV XVI XVII Mineral Descriptions Explanations & Abbreviations 1 3 VI Mineral Strunz-Group Page Graphite I/B.02-10 84 Sulfur Selenium Tellurium II - Sulfides and Sulphosalts II/A - Alloys and Alloy-like Compounds, with Copper, Silver, Gold and Nickel Algodonite Domeykite I/B.03-10 I/B.03-30 86 88 I/B.03-40 90 II/A.01-10 II/A.01-20 92 94 Dyscrasite Maucherite Arsenopalladinite Isomertieite Stibiopalladinite Palladodymite Rhodarsenide Telargpalite II/A.02-20 II/A.04-30 96 98 II/A.05-40 II/A.05-50 100 102 II/A.05-80 II/A.05-102 104 106 II/A.05-105 II/A.07-10 108 110 Oulankaite Temagamite II/B - Sulfides with Metal : Sulfur, Selenium and Tellurium > 1:1 Chalcocite Djurleite Digenite Anilite II/A.07-35 II/A.07-50 112 114 II/B.01-10 II/B.01-20 116 118 II/B.01-30 II/B.01-50 120 122 Betekhtinite Bornite Berzelianite Crookesite Umangite Weissite Rickardite Argentite II/B.02-10 II/B.02-30 124 126 II/B.03-10 II/B.03-30 128 130 II/B.03-50 II/B.04-10 132 134 II/B.04-20 II/B.05-02 136 138 Acanthite Naumannite Hessite Jalpaite Stromeyerite Eucairite Fischesserite Petzite II/B.05-10 II/B.05-30 140 142 II/B.05-40 II/B.06-10 144 146 II/B.06-30 II/B.06-40 148 150 II/B.07-50 II/B.07-60 152 154 Argyrodite Canfieldite Shandite Parkerite Heazlewoodite Oregonite Hauchecornite Pentlandite II/B.08-10 II/B.08-20 156 158 II/B.12-20 II/B.12-30 160 162 II/B.12-40 II/B.12-50 164 166 II/B.15-20 II/B.16-10 168 170 Miassite Mackinawite Godlevskite II/B.16-80 II/B.17-10 172 174 II/B.17-20 176 Mineral Strunz-Group Page Vaesite Hauerite Laurite Erlichmanite Sperrylite Aurostibite Geversite II/D.17-50 II/D.17-60 386 388 II/D.17-90 II/D.17-100 390 392 II/D.17-110 II/D.17-120 394 396 II/D.17-130 II/D.17-140 398 400 Insizwaite Padmaite Cobaltite Gersdorffite Ullmannite Hollingworthite Irarsite Marcasite II/D.17-150 II/D.17-175 402 404 II/D.18-10 II/D.18-20 406 408 II/D.18-40 II/D.18-50 410 412 II/D.18-60 II/D.20-10 414 416 Ferroselite Hastite Frohbergite Mattagamite Froodite Arsenopyrite Glaucodot Gudmundite II/D.20-20 II/D.20-30 418 420 II/D.20-50 II/D.20-60 422 424 II/D.21-10 II/D.22-10 426 428 II/D.22-20 II/D.22-30 430 432 Löllingite Safflorite Rammelsbergite Pararammelsbergite Molybdenite Jordisite Tungstenite Berndtite II/D.23-10 II/D.23-20 434 436 II/D.23-30 II/D.24-20 438 440 II/D.25-10 II/D.25-20 442 444 II/D.25-40 II/D.28-10 446 448 Melonite Moncheite Skutterudite Nickel-skutterudite II/E - Sulfosalts (S : As,Sb,Bi = x), Sulfosalts with Predominant Iron and Copper x = 2.0 Berthierite Wittichenite II/D.28-30 II/D.28-50 450 452 II/D.29-10 II/D.29-20 454 456 II/E.01-10 II/E.03-20 458 460 Chalcostibite Emplectite Polybasite Stephanite Proustite Pyrargyrite Xanthoconite Samsonite II/E.04-10 II/E.04-20 462 464 II/E.05-50 II/E.06-10 466 468 II/E.07-10 II/E.07-20 470 472 II/E.07-30 II/E.07-50 474 476 Hutchinsonite Lorandite Jordanite Geocronite Gratonite Meneghinite II/E.13-45 II/E.13-50 478 480 II/E.15-10 II/E.15-20 482 484 II/E.15-30 II/E.15-40 486 488 IX Penroseit Mineral Strunz-Group Page Seligmannite Bournonite II/E.16-10 II/E.16-20 490 492 Freieslebenite Diaphorite Owyheeite Dufrenoysite Falkmanite Boulangerite Semseyite Heteromorphite II/E.17-20 II/E.17-30 494 496 II/E.17-50 II/E.18-10 498 500 II/E.19-10 II/E.19-30 502 504 II/E.21-20 II/E.21-30 506 508 Plagionite Jamesonite Ramdohrite Andorite Baumhauerite Rathite Sartorite Zinckenite II/E.21-40 II/E.22-10 510 512 II/E.23-30 II/E.23-40 514 516 II/E.24-10 II/E.25-20 518 520 II/E.25-30 II/E.26-10 522 524 Aikinite Emilite Lindströmite Krupkaite Paarite Lillianite Kobellite Cosalite II/E.30-10 II/E.30-25 526 528 II/E.30-40 II/E.30-50 530 532 II/E.30-54 II/E.31-20 534 536 II/E.33-20 II/E.34-10 538 540 Weibullite Cannizzarite Felbertalite Galenobismuthite II/F - Sulfides with Nonmetallic Properties, Arsenic-Sulfides Patronite Realgar II/E.34-30 II/E.34-60 542 544 II/E.34-85 II/E.34-110 546 548 II/F.01-10 II/F.02-30 550 552 Orpiment Djerfisherite Rasvumite Bartonite Schöllhornite Cronusite Erdite Kermesite II/F.02-70 II/F.06-10 554 556 II/F.07-10 II/F.07-20 558 560 II/F.08-20 II/F.08-30 562 564 II/F.09-10 II/F.11-10 566 568 II/X-Unclassified Strunz Sulfides and sulphosalts Bravoite III - Halogenides III/A - Simple Halogenides, without Water Metal : Halogen = 1 : 1 Chlorargyrite Iodargyrite II/X.00-00 570 III/A.02-50 III/A.03-10 572 574 Calomel Fluorite III/A.05-10 III/A.08-10 576 578 X Mineral Strunz-Group Page IV - Oxides III/D-Oxi-halogenides with Mg-Mn-Cu-Zn-Sn Atacamite III/D.01-30 580 IV/A - Oxides with Metal : Oxygen = 1:1 and 2:1 (M2O, MO) Cuprite Zincite Wüstite Manganosite Tenorite Paramelaconite Delafossite IV/A.02-10 582 IV/A.03-20 IV/A.04-20 584 586 IV/A.04-40 IV/A.05-10 588 590 IV/A.05-20 IV/A.05-30 592 594 Crednerite Litharge Massicot IV/B - Oxides with Metal : Oxygen = 3:4 (Spinel type M3O4 and related), Aluminat-Spinels Hercynite Galaxite Gahnite IV/A.05-50 IV/A.06-20 596 598 IV/A.06-30 600 IV/B.01-20 602 IV/B.01-30 IV/B.01-40 604 606 Magnetite Jacobsite Franklinite Chromite Ulvite Hausmannite Hetaerolite Hydrohetaerolite IV/B.02-20 IV/B.02-30 608 610 IV/B.02-60 IV/B.03-20 612 614 IV/B.04-40 IV/B.05-10 616 618 IV/B.05-40 620 622 Marokite Minium IV/C - Oxides with Metal : Oxygen = 2:3 (M2O3 and related compounds) Valentinite Bismite Bixbyite Corundum IV/B.05-60 IV/B.06-50 624 626 IV/C.01-20 IV/C.02-30 628 630 IV/C.03-10 IV/C.04-10 632 634 Hematite Eskolaite Karelianite Geikielite Ilmenite Pyrophanite Maghemite Högbomite IV/C.04-20 IV/C.04-30 636 638 IV/C.04-40 IV/C.05-10 640 642 IV/C.05-20 IV/C.05-30 644 646 IV/C.06-10 IV/C.07-10 648 650 Magnetoplumbite Plumboferrite Loveringite Davidite-(Ce, La, Y) Perovskite Macedonite Stibiconite Bindheimite IV/C.08-40 IV/C.08-50 652 654 IV/C.09-30 IV/C.09-70 656 658 IV/C.10-20 IV/C.10-80 660 662 IV/C.11-50 IV/C.11-70 664 666 Pyrochlore Armalcolite IV/C.17-10 IV/C.24-10 668 670 XI IV/B.05-50 Mineral Strunz-Group Page Mimetite Vanadinite Sahlinite VII/C - Water-bearing Phosphates without Unfamiliar Anions. Cations of Medium and Small Size: Be and Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg VII/B.39-160 818 VII/B.39-170 VII/B.40-30 820 822 VIII - Silicates Erythrine Annabergite VIII/A - Nesosilicates, with [SiO4]4- groups, Cations of Tetrahedric Orientation [4] Willemite Olivine Almandine VII/C.13-70 VII/C.13-80 824 826 VIII/A.01-20 828 VIII/A.04-00 830 832 Henritermierite Coffinite VIII/B - Nesosubsilicates, with Anions Unfamiliar to Tetraheders, Cations of Octahedral and Tetrahedral Orientation [4/6] Topaz Braunite Neltnerite Titanite VIII/A.08-160 VIII/A.09-40 834 836 VIII/B.02-70 VIII/B.09-03 838 840 VIII/B.09-07 VIII/B.12-10 842 844 VIII/C - Sorosilicates, with [Si2O7]6-, without Anions Unfamiliar to Tetraheders Ilvaite Kentrolite VIII/E - Cyklosilicates, Triplet Rings [Si3O9]6- Chrysocolla VIII/C.10-20 VIII/C.20-20 846 848 VIII/E.21-20 850 VIII/F - Inosilicates (Chain and Band) Double Chains [Si2O6]4- Hedenbergite Riebeckite Bustamite Rhodonite VIII/H - Phyllosilicates (Layered), Tetragonal or Pseudotetragonal Layered Structures [Si4O10]4- and others Muscovite VIII/F.01-60 852 VIII/F.08-50 VIII/F.18-40 854 856 VIII/F.27-10 858 VIII/H.10-70 860 Biotite Chamosite Bibliography / Print Media Bibliography / Electronic Media VIII/H.23-30 862 864 Page 867 870 871 XIV VIII/A.08-20 VIII/H.11-00 Mineral Index Acknowledgements & Sample Sources This book would not have been written were it not for the everlasting patience of my dear wife Ramona, who tolerated my long-lasting mental absence when working behind the microscope or the connected computer and for tirelessly assisting me with data compilation. Our son André also took part in the data gathering, for which I am quite thankful. Many polished sections had not been looked after for decades and D. Lange (FU Berlin) provided much needed help in upgrading severely oxidised samples. Since it is very difficult to gather the vast amount of different ore minerals included in this atlas, I am very much indepted to a number of colleagues, who provided many uncommon samples. In particular, the use of Ramdohr’s famous research collection, now held at the Mineralogy Depart- ment of Heidelberg University, as well as the samples from the BGR and the private collection of T. Witzke proved to be valuable sources for many specimens. All published photo contributions are thankfully referenced below and cited in the text with the respective abbreviation in square brackets (e.g., [d]). Abbreviation* [a - c] [d] Name Affiliation/Address Author’s research and Freie Universität Berlin teaching collections Dr. Frank Melcher & Dr. Thomas Oberthür Luzerner Str. 10-12, D-12205 Berlin, Germany – Freie Universität Berlin, FB Geowissenschaf- ten, Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, FR Geochemie, Hydrogeologie, Mineralogie, Malteserstr. 74-100, D-12249 Berlin, Germany Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Han- nover, Germany [e] [f] [g] [h] Dr. Thomas Kenkmann Prof. Dr. Robert Marschik & Dr. Ana Rieger Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Uni- versität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ressour- cengeologie, Luisenstr. 37, D-80333 München, Germany Dr. Thomas Seifert Dr. Thomas Witzke TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Mine- ralogy, Department of Economic Geology, Brennhausgasse 14, D-09596 Freiberg, Ger- many Urho-Kekkonen-Str. 9, D-18147 Rostock, Ger- many [i] [j] [k] [l] Dipl.-Geol. David van Acken Prof. Dr. Rainer Altherr & Dr. rer. nat. Michael Hanel Freie Universität Berlin, FB Geowissenschaf- ten, Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, FR Geochemie, Hydrogeologie, Mineralogie, Malteserstr. 74-100, D-12249 Berlin, Germany Mineralogisches Institut, Universität Heidel- berg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 236, D-69120 Hei- delberg, Germany Dr. rer. nat. Erio Rahders Prof. Dr. Supriya Roy Laubsängerweg 45, D-12351 Berlin, Germany Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Calcutta - 700 032, India [m] [n] [o] Dr. rer. nat. Hans-Peter Röper Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter Halbach Witzlebenstr. 19, D-14057 Berlin, Germany Sodenstr. 19, D-12309 Berlin, Germany Dr. Michael Quednau Eichenstraße 15, 61476 Kronberg, Germany *(as cited in the mineral description text) XV XVI Instrument Settings Microscope Model Lamp Position Filter Aperture Objectives Camera Model Optical Zoom Objektive Picture Size/Quality* Rotation* Focusing Point* Makro* AF-assist Light* AF Operation* Zoom* Flash* Flash Quality* White Balance* Exposure Compensation* Flash Exposure Compensation* Metering Mode* ISO Speed* Photo Effect* Tv/Av Setting* Av* Tv* *(Software Settings for “Canon RemoteCapture”) Zeiss Axioplan 8 none 2nd to last marking Air (no oil objectives) Canon PowerShot A70 5.4 - 16.2mm Large/Super Fine - 2048x1536 ( 1 MB) 0 degree Automatic Selection Off Off AF Lock 1.3x to 3.2x (also further enhanced electronically) Nicols // Nicols + Off / Off / Fluorescent 0 Fluorescent 0 / Evaluative / Evaluative 50 Vivid 50 Vivid Manual 8.0 Manual 8.0 1/250 to 1/2000 1/3 to 1/50 Mineral Descriptions 1 Goethite lining vug in coronadite, Broken Hill, Australia This page intentionally left blank Explanations & Abbreviations Mineral Name Synonyms Geologic Environment Reflection Colour Internal Reflections The mineral names reflect the naming of by the International Mineralogical Associ- ation (IMA), wherever possible, and are printed in bold in the index section. Synonyms (and outdated names) are provided in brackets immediately behind the mineral name, they are printed in italics in the index section. Typical geological settings are presented for each mineral, although in many cases, these do not cover all possible genetic conditions. This is the mineral’s colour in reflected light (without polarisers) as observed on an untarnished surface; it occasionally differs from the handspecimen, which may show internal reflections that contribute to the overall colour impression (even for ore minerals, this is sometimes the case under the microscope). Cleavage and cracks in the observed mineral or phase boundaries between adjacent minerals can result in reflections within semi-transparent or translucent minerals. Reflectance Bireflectance Anisotropy Pleochroism Reflectance relates to the percentage of light that is reflected from the mineral’s sur- face relative to the initial beam. Literature data were recalculated to 589 nm for di- rect comparison of all data (observation wave lengths vary considerably from one publication to the next). When minimum - maximum values are provided, they show the range found for different optical axes in cases of optical anisotropic. Values without decimal places and in square brackets (e.g., [35]) are visual estima- tes on the basis of photo comparisons (i.e., taken with the same camera setting) and reflection data of 6 well-known minerals; wherever possible, these estimates were made with minerals of similar tints. Tests showed errors ranging between 2 and 5 percent points (e.g. 38% instead of the documented 35%); occasionally, this error may be larger (in particular within fine-grained materials). Bireflectance is an optical effect (see also pleochroism), where the reflectance chan- ges when the sample is rotated while illuminated by plane polarised light. The pola- risers are not crossed (preferably the polariser is taken out) to observe bireflectance. Isotropic minerals, such as pyrite or galena, do not show bireflectance. Anisotropic minerals possess differences in physical properties (e.g., hardness, re- fractive index, density, etc.) along different crystallographic axes. Here, anisotropy either results in different grey shades or colours, when the sample is rotated and ob- served under crossed nicols (polariser + analyser). Occasionally, it is necessary to slightly open the analyser in order to judge anisotropy. Isotropic minerals, such as pyrite or galena, generally do not show anisotropy (although some exceptions are known and also documented in this atlas: see galena, for instance). Pleochroism describes a mineral’s ability to absorb/reflect light of different wave- lengths depending on the crystallographic orientation of the sample. This results in a colour change when the specimen is rotated (under parallel nicols). Pleochroism is the general term that includes dichroism in uniaxial (one optical axis) and trichro- ism in biaxial (two optical axes) crystals. I/A.01-10 Hermann-Mau- gin Symbols for Crystallographic Classes [a - o] Nic. //, Nic.+ These are the Strunz classification symbols for the respective mineral. Wherever a precise Hermann-Maugin symbol for the respective mineral has not yet been determined, the class is given as stated below: tri. = triclinic trig. = trigonal mono. = monoclinic ortho. = orthorhombic tet. = tetragonal hex. = hexagonal cub. = cubic (isometric) The letters correspond to individuals and/or institutions providing polished sections for examination and presentation (referenced on page XV). The nicols (polariser & analyser) are parallel (//) or crossed (+, exact alignment). However, in reflected light microscopy, the analyser is occasionally rotated a few degrees (denoted as (+2°) from its ideal position to emphasise anisotropy effects. 3 Descriptions A B C D E Anhedral silver (white) in galena (light grey), thin reaction rim of argentite (greenish grey); Monte Narba, Sardinia, Italy [b]; Nic. // Anhedral silver (medium grey, many scratches) in galena (dark, some scratches); Monte Narba, Sardinia, Italy [b]; Nic. + Myrmekitic intergrowth of native silver (white), chalcopyrite (olive), and cabriite (pinkish cream, slight bireflectance), niggliite (here greenish cream), geversite (blue grey), galena (me- dium grey); Oktjabrsky, Norilsk, GUS [d]; Nic. // Fine-grained aggregates of “knitted” silver (white), galena (medium grey), carbonate matrix (dark grey); Brand-Erbisdorf, Saxony, Germany [g]; Nic. // Silver (isotropic), galena (isotropic), carbonates (white and brownish internal reflections); Brand-Erbisdorf, Saxony, Germany [g]; Nic. + Silver Geologic Environment: hydrothermal sulfide veins Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: bright silver white Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: 82.82 (87.5 antimonian) isotropic, scratches give impression of anisotropy Bireflectance: Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.01-Copper, Silver and Gold Series I/A.01-10 Copper Cu 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.01-15 Allabogdanite (Fe,Ni)2P 2/m 2/m 2/m I/A.01-20 Silver Ag 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.01-40 Gold Au 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.01-50 Auricupride Cu3Au 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.01-60 Tetraauricupride AuCu 4/m 2/m 2/m I/A.01-65 Bogdanovite (Au,Te,Pb)3(Cu,Fe) 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.01-68 Hunchunite (Au,Ag)2Pb 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.01-70 Anyuiite Au(Pb,Sb)2 4/m 2/m 2/m 6 Silver 7 A B C D E 50 μ 50 μ 125 μ 47 μ 60 μ Descriptions A B C D E Irregular patches of gold (yellow) in pyrite (light cream); West Driefontein, Johannesburg, South Africa [c]; Nic. // Irregular gold grain (yellow) between stibnite (light grey); Murchison Range, South Africa [g]; Nic. // Anhedral electrum (yellowish white), quartz (dark grey); New Bullfrog mine, Nye Co., Ne- vada, USA [h]; Nic. // Anhedral electrum (yellowish white), argentite (greenish grey), quartz (dark grey); New Bull- frog mine, Nye Co., Nevada, USA [h]; Nic. // Anhedral electrum (yellowish white), pyrite (cream) altered to goethite (bluish grey shades), quartz (dark grey); New Bullfrog mine, Nye Co., Nevada, USA [h]; Nic. // Gold (Ag-rich Gold = Electrum, Oro) Geologic Environment: quartz veins, alluvial deposits Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: gold-yellow, silver-white (Ag) to copper-red (Cu) blue and green (transmitted light), otherwise opaque Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: 72.26 (92.3 Electrum, 66.6 palladian) isotropic, many scratches suggest otherwise Bireflectance: Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.01-Copper, Silver and Gold Series I/A.01-10 Copper Cu 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.01-15 Allabogdanite (Fe,Ni)2P 2/m 2/m 2/m I/A.01-20 Silver Ag 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.01-40 Gold Au 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.01-50 Auricupride Cu3Au 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.01-60 Tetraauricupride AuCu 4/m 2/m 2/m I/A.01-65 Bogdanovite (Au,Te,Pb)3(Cu,Fe) 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.01-68 Hunchunite (Au,Ag)2Pb 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.01-70 Anyuiite Au(Pb,Sb)2 4/m 2/m 2/m 8 Auricupride à ai *. / é Y ( 8 E) r R “ : “a 10 yu 34 u Descriptions A B Rim of amalgam (medium grey) replacing pyrite (tinted white), goethite (dark grey); Privol- noye deposit, Central Yakutia, Russia [h]; Nic. // Amalgam (dark grey), pyrite (isotropic, brownish grey), goethite (dark grey, some brown inter- nal reflections); Privolnoye deposit, Central Yakutia, Russia [h]; Nic. + Amalgam (Kongsbergite, Mercury Silver, Silver Amalgam) Geologic Environment: hydrothermal Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: grey Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: [35] isotropic Bireflectance: Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.02-Mercury and Amalgame series I/A.02-10 Mercury Hg 3 – 2/m I/A.02-20 Kolymite Cu7Hg6 4 – 3 m I/A.02-22 Belendorffite Cu7Hg6 3 m I/A.02-28 Eugenite Ag9Hg2 4 – 3 m I/A.02-30 Amalgam Ag2Hg3 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.02-40 Luanheite Ag3Hg 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.02-50 Schachnerite Ag1.1Hg0.9 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.02-60 Paraschachnerite Ag3Hg2 2/m 2/m 2/m I/A.02-70 Goldamalgam (Au,Ag)Hg 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.02-80 Weishanite (Au,Ag)3Hg2 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.02-90 Potarite PdHg 4/m 2/m 2/m I/A.02-100 Leadamalgam HgPb2 4/m 2/m 2/m 12 Amalgam 13 A 5 μ 12 μ B Descriptions A B Rounded grain of native cadmium (white, many scratches); West Verkhoyansky Range, Siberia, Russia [h]; Nic. // Rounded grain of native cadmium (dark brownish grey, many scratches); West Verkhoyansky Range, Siberia, Russia [h]; Nic. + Cadmium Geologic Environment: Ust'-Khannin gabbro intrusive Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: tin white with bluish tint Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: [60] Bireflectance: Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.04-Zinc-Cadmium series I/A.04-10 Zinc Zn 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.04-15 Brass Cu3Zn2 cub. I/A.04-20 Zhanghengite (Cu,Zn,Fe,Al,Cr) 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.04-30 Danbaite CuZn2 cub. I/A.04-40 Cadmium Cd 6/m 2/m 2/m 16 Cadmium 17 A 60 μ 60 μ B Descriptions A B C Anhedral native lead (medium grey with brownish tint, translation lamellae; also compare with freshly polished lead in litharge sample - photo A), dolomite (dark grey); Harstigen Mine, Pajs- berg, Filipstad, Värmland, Sweden [j]; Nic. // Native lead (isotropic parts and anomalous brownish to bluish grey anisotropy), dolomite (milky internal reflections); Harstigen Mine, Pajsberg, Filipstad, Värmland, Sweden [j]; Nic. + Small grain of native lead (dark with brown internal reflections), dolomite matrix (bright inter- nal reflections); Harstigen Mine, Pajsberg, Filipstad, Värmland, Sweden [j]; Nic. + Lead (Plumbum) Geologic Environment: hydrothermal, placers, possibly authigenic processes, replacement of tree roots Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: medium grey with brownish tint rare, brownish-red Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: 50.67 isotropic, but also anomalous dark to bluish grey anisotropy Bireflectance: Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.05-Lead series I/A.05-10 Indium In 4/m 2/m 2/m I/A.05-20 Lead Pb 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.05-30 Tin Sn 4/m 2/m 2/m 18 Iron 21 A B C 99 μ 99 μ 239 μ Descriptions A B Massive kamacite (medium grey, main mineral) with seams of taenite (medium grey) and uni- dentified mineral (same grey shade as taenite); Meteorite, locality unknown [d]; Nic. // Kamacite (dark grey, isotropic), taenite (almost black), unidentified mineral (brown internal re- flections); Meteorite, locality unknown [d]; Nic. + Kamacite Geologic Environment: Fe meteorites Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: medium grey with brownish tint Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: [20] isotropic Bireflectance: Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.07-Iron series I/A.07-10 Iron Fe 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.07-20 Kamacite alpha-(Fe,Ni) 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.07-30 Wairauite CoFe 4/m 3 – 2/m 22 Kamacite 23 A 40 μ 40 μ B Descriptions A B C D E Anhedral awaruite (white) and heazlewoodite (slight yellow tint) enclosed by magnetite (me- dium grey), silicates (dark grey); Oko, NE of Koti, Shikoku, Japan [j]; Nic. // Irregular intergrowth of awaruite (slightly tinted light grey) with goethite (dark grey) and sili- cates (dark grey); Canyon Creek Trail, Josephine Co., Oregon, USA [j]; Nic. // Awaruite (dark greys, faint anisotropy), goethite (brown internal reflections), silicates (colour- less); Canyon Creek Trail, Josephine Co., Oregon, USA [j]; Nic. + Massive awaruite (slightly tinted grey) with inclusions of oregonite (slightly pinkish), silicates and goethite (dark grey); Canyon Creek Trail, Josephine Co., Oregon, USA [j]; Nic. // Anhedral awaruite (white) next to chromite (medium grey) and magnetite (slightly lighter grey), silicates (dark grey); Keeps Mine, Wyangle, Tumut, New South Wales, Australia [j]; Nic. // Awaruite (Bobrovskite, Josephinite, Souesite) Geologic Environment: fluviatil placers, serpentinised peridotites, meteorites Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: tinted grey Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: 64.98 isotropic Bireflectance: Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.08-Nickel series I/A.08-10 Nickel Ni 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.08-20 Taenite gamma-(Fe,Ni) 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.08-30 Tetrataenite FeNi 4/m 2/m 2/m I/A.08-40 Awaruite Ni2Fe to Ni3Fe 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.08-50 Jedwabite Fe7(Ta,Nb)3 6 m m 26 Awaruite 27 A B C D E 125 μ 50 μ 125 μ 125 μ 19 μ Descriptions A B C Large patches and lamella of cohenite (slightly more cream than iron) between and in native iron grains (white, almost bluish in comparison), goethite (medium grey, dendritic) as oxidation product; Ovifak, W-Greenland [e]; Nic. // Vermiform cohenite (slightly brighter than iron, cream) in native iron (white); Ovifak, W- Greenland [e]; Nic. // Lamellar cohenite (slightly cream) in native iron (white) largely replaced by goethite (large medium grey patches); Ovifak, W-Greenland [e]; Nic. // Cohenite Geologic Environment: Fe meteorites, terrestrial Fe from mafic rocks (assimilation of gra- phite) Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: cream-white Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: 57.67 - 59.62 slight Bireflectance: Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.09-Honquiite-Tantalcarbide series I/A.09-10 Hongquiite TiO 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.09-20 Khamrabaevite (Ti,V,Fe)C 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.09-30 Tongbaite Cr3C2 2/m 2/m 2/m I/A.09-35 Isovite (Cr,Fe)23C6 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.09-40 Haxonite (Fe,Ni)23C6 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.09-50 Cohenite (Fe,Ni,Co)3C 2/m 2/m 2/m I/A.09-55 Niobocarbide (Nb,Ta)C 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.09-60 Tantalcarbide TaC 4/m 3 – 2/m 28 Carlsbergite 31 A 5 μ Descriptions A B Anhedral grain of sinoite (medium grey); Pillistfer Enstatite-Chondrite, Estonia [h]; Nic. // Sinoite (milky internal reflections); Pillistfer Enstatite-Chondrite, Estonia [h]; Nic. + Sinoite Geologic Environment: metamorphism of EL6 chondrites or impact melting of EL4 chondri- tes Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: dark to medium grey milky Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: [12] Bireflectance: Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.10-Osbornite-Sinoite series I/A.10-10 Osbornite TiN 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.10-20 Carlsbergite CrN 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.10-30 Roaldite (Fe,Ni)4N 4 – 3 m I/A.10-40 Siderazot Fe5N2 6 2 2 I/A.10-45 Nierite Si3N4 3 m I/A.10-50 Sinoite Si2N2O m m 2 32 Sinoite 33 A 12 μ 12 μ B Descriptions A Anhedral exsolution of gupeiite (lightest mineral, cream-white) and fersilicite (darkest mineral) in xifengite (light cream); Isovskaja Field, Priasovje, Ukraine [h]; Nic. // Gupeiite 36 Geologic Environment: extraterrestrial origin and concentrated in placers Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: cream-white Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: 53,40 isotropic Bireflectance: Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.12-Perryite-Ferdisilicite series I/A.12-10 Perryite (Ni,Fe)8(Si,P)3 3 m I/A.12-20 Suessite (Fe,Ni)3Si 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.12-30 Gupeiite Fe3Si 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.12-35 Hapkeite Fe2Si 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.12-40 Xifengite Fe5Si3 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.12-50 Fersilicite FeSi 2 3 I/A.12-60 Ferdisilicite FeSi2 4/m 2/m 2/m Gupeiite 37 A 11 μ Descriptions A B Anhedral grain of xifengite (very light cream) with inclusions of gupeiite (slightly lighter than xifengite) and fersilicite (slightly darker than xifengite); Isovskaja Field, Priasovje, Ukraine [h]; Nic. // Xifengite (brownish grey anisotropy), gupeiite (similar shade as xifengite), fersilicite (slightly darker grey than xifengite); Isovskaja Field, Priasovje, Ukraine [h]; Nic. + Xifengite Geologic Environment: apparently extraterrestrial, in placers Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: light cream Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: 46.20 - 44.90 moderate, bluish to brownish grey Bireflectance: Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.12-Perryite-Ferdisilicite series I/A.12-10 Perryite (Ni,Fe)8(Si,P)3 3 m I/A.12-20 Suessite (Fe,Ni)3Si 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.12-30 Gupeiite Fe3Si 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.12-35 Hapkeite Fe2Si 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.12-40 Xifengite Fe5Si3 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.12-50 Fersilicite FeSi 2 3 I/A.12-60 Ferdisilicite FeSi2 4/m 2/m 2/m 38 Fersilicite 41 A 11 μ Descriptions A B Euhedral hexaferrum (white) in chromite (medium grey); Pole Corral Pass, Rattlesnake Creek Terrane, Beegum, California, USA [h]; Nic. // Hexaferrum (brownish grey, slight anisotropy), chromite (isotropic, red brown internal reflec- tions); Pole Corral Pass, Rattlesnake Creek Terrane, Beegum, California, USA [h]; Nic. + Hexaferrum Geologic Environment: chromite segregations in dunite Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: white Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: [67] slightly brownish greys Bireflectance: Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.13-Osmium series I/A.13-10 Rhenium Re 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.13-15 Hexaferrum (Fe,Os,Ru,Ir) 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.13-20 Osmium (Os,Ir) 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.13-30 Ruthenium (Ru,Ir,Os) 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.13-40 Rutheniridosmine (Ir,Os,Ru) 6/m 2/m 2/m 42 Hexaferrum 43 A 8 μ 8 μ B Descriptions A B In order to show the lamellar ruthenium (bright network) contained in isoferroplatinum (slightly darker), the aperture was almost closed, leading to much darker appearance. At the up- per right rim: nickelferroplatinum (same brightness as ruthenium, but larger as lamellae); Maandagshoek, South Africa [d]; Nic. // Ruthenium (network of dark streaks), isoferroplatinum (slightly brighter), nickelferroplatinum (shade between both other minerals); Maandagshoek, South Africa [d]; Nic. + Ruthenium Geologic Environment: placers from ultrabasic rocks Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: white with a creamy tint Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: [80] weak Bireflectance: Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.13-Osmium series I/A.13-10 Rhenium Re 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.13-15 Hexaferrum (Fe,Os,Ru,Ir) 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.13-20 Osmium (Os,Ir) 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.13-30 Ruthenium (Ru,Ir,Os) 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.13-40 Rutheniridosmine (Ir,Os,Ru) 6/m 2/m 2/m 46 Ruthenium 47 A 24 μ 24 μ B Descriptions A B Large aggregate of rutheniridosmine (light cream, well developed cleavage) with crystallo- graphically oriented inclusions of isoferroplatinum (lightest cream), fine-grained cooperite (light grey, on cracks/cleavage), unnamed alloy ((Pt, Ir, Ru, Os); white, long platelets); Pekul- ney Massif, NE Russia [h]; Nic. // Rutheniridosmine (dark brownish grey), isoferroplatinum (slightly lighter than rutheniridos- mine), cooperite (mottled grey anisotropy), unnamed alloy (brownish grey to bluish anisot- ropy); Pekulney Massif, NE Russia [h]; Nic. + Rutheniridosmine Geologic Environment: placers from ultrabasic rocks Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: light cream Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: 67.80 weak, sometimes with wavy extinction, colours tinged with orange Bireflectance: weak to absent Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.13-Osmium series I/A.13-10 Rhenium Re 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.13-15 Hexaferrum (Fe,Os,Ru,Ir) 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.13-20 Osmium (Os,Ir) 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.13-30 Ruthenium (Ru,Ir,Os) 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.13-40 Rutheniridosmine (Ir,Os,Ru) 6/m 2/m 2/m 48 Iridium ; / / ; 4 J ; "4 / > Pis DA » ha »; 3 k gem ! / faso 5 Z * 7 ra 4" a E 5 » ” Egon O | 104 Descriptions A B Porous grain of native platinum (cream-white) as rim around cooperite (light grey); Maandag- shoek, South Africa [d]; Nic. // Native platinum (strongly scratched, dark brownish grey), cooperite core (dark grey anisot- ropy); Maandagshoek, South Africa [d]; Nic. + Platinum (Polyxen) Geologic Environment: grains and nuggets in alluvial deposits Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: cream-white Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: 65.16 isotropic Bireflectance: Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.14-Platinum series I/A.14-10 Rhodium (Rh,Pt) 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.14-20 Palladium Pd,Pt 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.14-30 Iridium (Ir,Os,Ru,Pt) 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.14-70 Platinum Pt 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.14-80 Yixunite Pt3In 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.14-85 Damiaoite PtIn2 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.14-90 Hongshiite PtCu 3 – 2/m I/A.14-100 Skaergaardite CuPd 4/m 3 – 2/m 52 Platinum 53 A 24 μ 24 μ B Descriptions A B Subhedral isoferroplatinum (light cream) intergrown with unnamed Pt-Rh-Ru-Fe alloy (slightly lighter than isoferroplatinum) and laurite (medium grey); Maandagshoek, South Africa [d]; Nic. // Anhedral isoferroplatinum (lightest cream), crystallographically oriented in rutheniridosmine (weak grey, well-developed cleavage), cooperite (light grey, on cleavage/cracks); Pekulney Massif, NE Russia [h]; Nic. // Isoferroplatinum Geologic Environment: Pt-Fe and Cu-Ni deposits in ultramafics and related placers Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: light cream Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: [77] isotropic Bireflectance: Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.15-Isoferroplatinum-Ferronickelplatinum series I/A.15-05 Chengdeite Ir3Fe 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.15-10 Isoferroplatinum (Pt,Pd)3(Fe,Cu) 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.15-20 Tetraferroplatinum PtFe 4/m 2/m 2/m I/A.15-30 Tulameenite Pt2FeCu 4/m 2/m 2/m I/A.15-40 Ferronickelplatinum Pt2FeNi 4/m 2/m 2/m 56 Isoferroplatinum 57 A 24 μ 60 μ B Descriptions A B Tulameenite (white) intergrown with oulankaite (slightly darker cream platelet) and telargpalite (cream, here lighter than oulankaite), chalcopyrite (yellow), silicates (dark grey); Lukkulais- vaara, N Karelia, Russia [h]; Nic. // Tulameenite (dark), oulankaite (undulating cream to brown anisotropy), telargpalite (brownish grey), chalcopyrite (bluish grey), silicates (multicolour internal reflections); Lukkulaisvaara, N Karelia, Russia [h]; Nic. + Tulameenite Geologic Environment: Pt placers Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: white Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: 61.50 - 65.50 isotropic Bireflectance: Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.15-Isoferroplatinum-Ferronickelplatinum series I/A.15-05 Chengdeite Ir3Fe 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.15-10 Isoferroplatinum (Pt,Pd)3(Fe,Cu) 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.15-20 Tetraferroplatinum PtFe 4/m 2/m 2/m I/A.15-30 Tulameenite Pt2FeCu 4/m 2/m 2/m I/A.15-40 Ferronickelplatinum Pt2FeNi 4/m 2/m 2/m 58 Atokite 61 A 120 μ 120 μ B Descriptions A B C Niggliite (brownish to blue anisotropy), cabriite (dark), geversite (dark), chalcopyrite (dark); Oktjabrsky, Norilsk, GUS [d]; Nic. + Irregular niggliite (cream to blue-grey; strong bireflectance) in cabriite (pinkish brown, com- pare bireflectance with next photo), geversite (light grey), chalcopyrite (olive); Oktjabrsky, No- rilsk, GUS [d]; Nic. // Niggliite (cream to blue-grey; strong bireflectance), cabriite (pinkish brown, compare bireflec- tance with previous photo), geversite (light grey), chalcopyrite (olive); Oktjabrsky, Norilsk, GUS [d]; Nic. // Niggliite Geologic Environment: late hydrothermal veins Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: cream to blue-grey Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: 44.69 - 60.90 strong, creamish brown to blue-black Bireflectance: strong, cream to pale blue Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography strong I/A.16-Zvyagintsevite-Plumbopalladinite series I/A.16-10 Zvyagintsevite (Pd,Pt,Au)3(Pb,Sn) 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.16-20 Atokite (Pd,Pt)3Sn 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.16-30 Rustenburgite (Pt,Pd)3Sn 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.16-40 Niggliite PtSn 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.16-50 Stannopalladinite (Pd,Cu)2Sn2 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.16-60 Palarstanide Pd8(Sn,As)3 6 2 2 I/A.16-70 Plumbopalladinite Pd3Pb2 6/m 2/m 2/m 62 Niggliite 63 A B C 74 μ 74 μ 60 μ Descriptions A B Euhedral palarstanide (light grey) surrounded by atokite (white) in a matrix of cubanite (brownish tint), magnetite (medium grey); Majak Mine, Talnakh, Urals, Russia [h]; Nic. // Palarstanide (dark brown-grey), atokite (bluish to brownish grey anisotropy), cubanite (slightly darker than palarstanide; Majak Mine, Talnakh, Urals, Russia [h]; Nic. + Palarstanide Geologic Environment: massive cubanite, chalcopyrite, and talnakhite ores Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: light grey Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: 55.64 - 56.85 dark grey to brownish grey Bireflectance: Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.16-Zvyagintsevite-Plumbopalladinite series I/A.16-10 Zvyagintsevite (Pd,Pt,Au)3(Pb,Sn) 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.16-20 Atokite (Pd,Pt)3Sn 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.16-30 Rustenburgite (Pt,Pd)3Sn 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.16-40 Niggliite PtSn 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.16-50 Stannopalladinite (Pd,Cu)2Sn2 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.16-60 Palarstanide Pd8(Sn,As)3 6 2 2 I/A.16-70 Plumbopalladinite Pd3Pb2 6/m 2/m 2/m 66 Palarstanide 67 A 120 μ 120 μ B Descriptions A B Anhedral plumbopalladinite (pink tint) intergrown with oriented polarite (light grey, similar re- flectivity), rim of isoferroplatinum (white), cubanite (greenish brown tint), pentlandite (cream- ish brown), valleriite (dark brownish and bluish grey pleochroism); Majak Mine, Talnakh No- rilsk, Urals, Russia [h]; Nic. // Plumbopalladinite (light to dark brown and orange anisotropy), polarite (light to dark brown anisotropy), isoferroplatinum (medium grey), cubanite (bluish grey anisotropy), pentlandite (brownish tinted grey), valleriite (light orange to grey anisotropy); Majak Mine, Talnakh No- rilsk, Urals, Russia [h]; Nic. + Plumbopalladinite Geologic Environment: Ni-Cu ores Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: white with pink tint Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: 54.49 - 57.51 distinct, light to dark brown and orange Bireflectance: hardly noticeable, brownish greys Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/A.16-Zvyagintsevite-Plumbopalladinite series I/A.16-10 Zvyagintsevite (Pd,Pt,Au)3(Pb,Sn) 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.16-20 Atokite (Pd,Pt)3Sn 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.16-30 Rustenburgite (Pt,Pd)3Sn 4/m 3 – 2/m I/A.16-40 Niggliite PtSn 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.16-50 Stannopalladinite (Pd,Cu)2Sn2 6/m 2/m 2/m I/A.16-60 Palarstanide Pd8(Sn,As)3 6 2 2 I/A.16-70 Plumbopalladinite Pd3Pb2 6/m 2/m 2/m 68 Paolovite 71 A 60 μ 60 μ B Descriptions A B C Cabriite (red brown to dark anisotropy), niggliite (large grains and lamellae in cabriite; strong cream to blue anisotropy), geversite (dark blue grey), chalcopyrite (dark), native silver (me- dium grey); Oktjabrsky, Norilsk, Russia [d]; Nic. + Massive cabriite (pinkish cream, slight bireflectance, compare next photo) with fine, almost in- visible lamellar intergrowths of niggliite (strong cream to blue bireflectance, also as larger an- hedral grains), geversite (blue grey), chalcopyrite (olive), native silver (white); Oktjabrsky, No- rilsk, Russia [d]; Nic. // Cabriite (pinkish, slight bireflectance, compare previous photo), niggliite (strong cream to blue bireflectance), geversite (blue grey), chalcopyrite (olive), native silver (white); Oktjabrsky, No- rilsk, Russia [d]; Nic. // Cabriite Geologic Environment: galena-chalcopyrite veins, massive mooihoekite ore Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: pink with lilac tint Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: 48.34 - 56.99 strong, greyish brown to golden Bireflectance: slight Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography slight I/A.17-Paolovite-Taimyrite series I/A.17-10 Paolovite Pd2Sn 2/m 2/m 2/m I/A.17-20 Cabriite Pd2SnCu 2/m 2/m 2/m I/A.17-30 Taimyrite (Pd,Cu,Pt)3Sn ortho. I/A.17-40 Tatyanaite (Pt,Pd,Cu)9Cu3Sn4 ortho. 72 73 Cabriite A B C 125 μ 125 μ 60 μ Descriptions A B C D E Native arsenic (cream, distinctive cleavage); Vater Abraham Mine, Lauta, Marienberg, Erzge- birge, Saxony, Germany [j]; Nic. // Anhedral arsenic (light grey), antimony (white lower part), dyscrasite (cream tint), crust of saf- florite (darker grey than arsenic) covered by pyrargyrite (blue grey); St. Andreasberg, Hartz Mts., Germany [f]; Nic. // Arsenic (brown grey), antimony (grey), dyscrasite (lighter brownish grey), safflorite (blue to brown to dark anisotropy), pyrargyrite (small red internal reflections); St. Andreasberg, Hartz Mts., Germany [f]; Nic. + Radial arsenic (grey with brownish tint) in matrix of antimony (slightly lighter grey); St. An- dreasberg, Hartz Mts., Germany [e]; Nic. // Euhedral native arsenic (cream) overgrown by xanthoconite (bluish grey); Vater Abraham Mine, Lauta, Marienberg, Erzgebirge, Saxony, Germany [j]; Nic. // Arsenic Geologic Environment: hydrothermal veins Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: slightly brownish grey Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: 46.95 - 52.76 distinct, yellow brown and light grey to yellowish grey Bireflectance: feeble Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/B.01-Arsenic-Bismuth series I/B.01-10 Arsenic As 3 – 2/m I/B.01-20 Stibarsen SbAs 3 – 2/m I/B.01-30 Antimony Sb 3 – 2/m I/B.01-40 Bismuth Bi 3 – 2/m I/B.01-50 Arsenolamprite As 2/m 2/m 2/m I/B.01-55 Pararsenolamprite As ortho. I/B.01-60 Paradocrasite Sb2(Sb,As)2 2 76 Arsenic 77 A B C D E 50 μ 250 μ 125 μ 125 μ 40 μ Descriptions A B C Botryoidal antimony (medium grey) with interstitial arsenic patches (slightly darker grey in lower section); St. Andreasberg, Hartz Mts., Germany [e]; Nic. // Anhedral antimony (white, scratched) below safflorite crust (light grey); St. Andreasberg, Hartz Mts., Germany [f]; Nic. // Antimony (grey) below safflorite crust (blue to brown to grey anisotropy); St. Andreasberg, Hartz Mts., Germany [f]; Nic. + Antimony (Stibium) Geologic Environment: hydrothermal veins Reflection Colour: Internal Reflections: white Reflectance [%]: Anisotropy: Pleochroism: 68.82 - 70.71 weak Bireflectance: very week Strunz Classification - Group Members - Chemical Formula - Crystallography I/B.01-Arsenic-Bismuth series I/B.01-10 Arsenic As 3 – 2/m I/B.01-20 Stibarsen SbAs 3 – 2/m I/B.01-30 Antimony Sb 3 – 2/m I/B.01-40 Bismuth Bi 3 – 2/m I/B.01-50 Arsenolamprite As 2/m 2/m 2/m I/B.01-55 Pararsenolamprite As ortho. I/B.01-60 Paradocrasite Sb2(Sb,As)2 2 78