Baixe Appendix 1PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS) e outras Notas de estudo em PDF para Mecatrônica, somente na Docsity! Appendix 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS) | 987 Table A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties 988 Table A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases 989 Table A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods 992 Table A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table 994 Table A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table 996 Table A–6 Superheated water 998 Table A–7 Compressed liquid water 1002 Table A–8 Saturated ice–water vapor 1003 Figure A–9 T-s diagram for water 1004 Figure A–10 Mollier diagram for water 1005 Table A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a— Temperature table 1006 Table A–12 Saturated refrigerant-134a— Pressure table 1008 Table A–13 Superheated refrigerant-134a 1009 Figure A–14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a 1011 Table A–15 Properties of saturated water 1012 Table A–16 Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a 1013 Table A–17 Properties of saturated ammonia 1014 Table A–18 Properties of saturated propane 1015 Table A–19 Properties of liquids 1016 Table A–20 Properties of liquid metals 1017 Table A–21 Ideal-gas properties of air 1018 Table A–22 Properties of air at 1 atm pressure 1020 Table A–23 Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure 1021 Table A–24 Properties of solid metals 1023 Table A–25 Properties of solid non-metals 1026 Table A–26 Emissivities of surfaces 1027 Figure A–27 The Moody Chart 1029 Figure A–28 Nelson-Obert generalized compressibility chart 1030 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 987 TABLE A – 1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Gas Critical-point properties Molar mass, constant, Temperature, Pressure, Volume, Substance Formula M kg/kmol R kJ/kg · K* K MPa m3/kmol Air — 28.97 0.2870 132.5 3.77 0.0883 Ammonia NH3 17.03 0.4882 405.5 11.28 0.0724 Argon Ar 39.948 0.2081 151 4.86 0.0749 Benzene C6H6 78.115 0.1064 562 4.92 0.2603 Bromine Br2 159.808 0.0520 584 10.34 0.1355 n-Butane C4H10 58.124 0.1430 425.2 3.80 0.2547 Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01 0.1889 304.2 7.39 0.0943 Carbon monoxide CO 28.011 0.2968 133 3.50 0.0930 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 153.82 0.05405 556.4 4.56 0.2759 Chlorine Cl2 70.906 0.1173 417 7.71 0.1242 Chloroform CHCl3 119.38 0.06964 536.6 5.47 0.2403 Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) CCl2F2 120.91 0.06876 384.7 4.01 0.2179 Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21) CHCl2F 102.92 0.08078 451.7 5.17 0.1973 Ethane C2H6 30.070 0.2765 305.5 4.48 0.1480 Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH 46.07 0.1805 516 6.38 0.1673 Ethylene C2H4 28.054 0.2964 282.4 5.12 0.1242 Helium He 4.003 2.0769 5.3 0.23 0.0578 n-Hexane C6H14 86.179 0.09647 507.9 3.03 0.3677 Hydrogen (normal) H2 2.016 4.1240 33.3 1.30 0.0649 Krypton Kr 83.80 0.09921 209.4 5.50 0.0924 Methane CH4 16.043 0.5182 191.1 4.64 0.0993 Methyl alcohol CH3OH 32.042 0.2595 513.2 7.95 0.1180 Methyl chloride CH3Cl 50.488 0.1647 416.3 6.68 0.1430 Neon Ne 20.183 0.4119 44.5 2.73 0.0417 Nitrogen N2 28.013 0.2968 126.2 3.39 0.0899 Nitrous oxide N2O 44.013 0.1889 309.7 7.27 0.0961 Oxygen O2 31.999 0.2598 154.8 5.08 0.0780 Propane C3H8 44.097 0.1885 370 4.26 0.1998 Propylene C3H6 42.081 0.1976 365 4.62 0.1810 Sulfur dioxide SO2 64.063 0.1298 430.7 7.88 0.1217 Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) CF3CH2F 102.03 0.08149 374.2 4.059 0.1993 Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11) CCl3F 137.37 0.06052 471.2 4.38 0.2478 Water H2O 18.015 0.4615 647.1 22.06 0.0560 Xenon Xe 131.30 0.06332 289.8 5.88 0.1186 *The unit kJ/kg · K is equivalent to kPa · m3/kg · K. The gas constant is calculated from R Ru /M, where Ru 8.31447 kJ/kmol · K and M is the molar mass. Source: K. A. Kobe and R. E. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review 52 (1953), pp. 117–236; and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), pp. 16.4 and 36.1. 988 | Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 988 Appendix 1 | 991 TABLE A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (Concluded) (c) As a function of temperature _ cp a bT cT 2 dT 3 (T in K, cp in kJ/kmol · K) Temperature % error Substance Formula a b c d range, K Max. Avg. Nitrogen N2 28.90 0.1571 102 0.8081 105 2.873 109 273–1800 0.59 0.34 Oxygen O2 25.48 1.520 102 0.7155 105 1.312 109 273–1800 1.19 0.28 Air — 28.11 0.1967 102 0.4802 105 1.966 109 273–1800 0.72 0.33 Hydrogen H2 29.11 0.1916 102 0.4003 105 0.8704 109 273–1800 1.01 0.26 Carbon monoxide CO 28.16 0.1675 102 0.5372 105 2.222 109 273–1800 0.89 0.37 Carbon dioxide CO2 22.26 5.981 102 3.501 105 7.469 109 273–1800 0.67 0.22 Water vapor H2O 32.24 0.1923 102 1.055 105 3.595 109 273–1800 0.53 0.24 Nitric oxide NO 29.34 0.09395 102 0.9747 105 4.187 109 273–1500 0.97 0.36 Nitrous oxide N2O 24.11 5.8632 102 3.562 105 10.58 109 273–1500 0.59 0.26 Nitrogen dioxide NO2 22.9 5.715 102 3.52 105 7.87 109 273–1500 0.46 0.18 Ammonia NH3 27.568 2.5630 102 0.99072 105 6.6909 109 273–1500 0.91 0.36 Sulfur S2 27.21 2.218 102 1.628 105 3.986 109 273–1800 0.99 0.38 Sulfur dioxide SO2 25.78 5.795 102 3.812 105 8.612 109 273–1800 0.45 0.24 Sulfur trioxide SO3 16.40 14.58 102 11.20 105 32.42 109 273–1300 0.29 0.13 Acetylene C2H2 21.8 9.2143 102 6.527 105 18.21 109 273–1500 1.46 0.59 Benzene C6H6 36.22 48.475 102 31.57 105 77.62 109 273–1500 0.34 0.20 Methanol CH4O 19.0 9.152 102 1.22 105 8.039 109 273–1000 0.18 0.08 Ethanol C2H6O 19.9 20.96 102 10.38 105 20.05 109 273–1500 0.40 0.22 Hydrogen chloride HCl 30.33 0.7620 102 1.327 105 4.338 109 273–1500 0.22 0.08 Methane CH4 19.89 5.024 102 1.269 105 11.01 109 273–1500 1.33 0.57 Ethane C2H6 6.900 17.27 102 6.406 105 7.285 109 273–1500 0.83 0.28 Propane C3H8 4.04 30.48 102 15.72 105 31.74 109 273–1500 0.40 0.12 n-Butane C4H10 3.96 37.15 102 18.34 105 35.00 109 273–1500 0.54 0.24 i-Butane C4H10 7.913 41.60 102 23.01 105 49.91 109 273–1500 0.25 0.13 n-Pentane C5H12 6.774 45.43 102 22.46 105 42.29 109 273–1500 0.56 0.21 n-Hexane C6H14 6.938 55.22 102 28.65 105 57.69 109 273–1500 0.72 0.20 Ethylene C2H4 3.95 15.64 102 8.344 105 17.67 109 273–1500 0.54 0.13 Propylene C3H6 3.15 23.83 102 12.18 105 24.62 109 273–1500 0.73 0.17 Source: Chemical and Process Thermodynamics 3/E by Kyle, B. G., © 2000. Adapted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 991 TABLE A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (a) Liquids Boiling data at 1 atm Freezing data Liquid properties Normal Latent heat of Latent heat Specific boiling vaporization Freezing of fusion Temperature, Density heat Substance point, °C hfg, kJ/kg point, °C hif , kJ/kg °C r, kg/m3 cp, kJ/kg · K Ammonia 33.3 1357 77.7 322.4 33.3 682 4.43 20 665 4.52 0 639 4.60 25 602 4.80 Argon 185.9 161.6 189.3 28 185.6 1394 1.14 Benzene 80.2 394 5.5 126 20 879 1.72 Brine (20% sodium chloride by mass) 103.9 — 17.4 — 20 1150 3.11 n-Butane 0.5 385.2 138.5 80.3 0.5 601 2.31 Carbon dioxide 78.4* 230.5 (at 0°C) 56.6 0 298 0.59 Ethanol 78.2 838.3 114.2 109 25 783 2.46 Ethyl alcohol 78.6 855 156 108 20 789 2.84 Ethylene glycol 198.1 800.1 10.8 181.1 20 1109 2.84 Glycerine 179.9 974 18.9 200.6 20 1261 2.32 Helium 268.9 22.8 — — 268.9 146.2 22.8 Hydrogen 252.8 445.7 259.2 59.5 252.8 70.7 10.0 Isobutane 11.7 367.1 160 105.7 11.7 593.8 2.28 Kerosene 204–293 251 24.9 — 20 820 2.00 Mercury 356.7 294.7 38.9 11.4 25 13,560 0.139 Methane 161.5 510.4 182.2 58.4 161.5 423 3.49 100 301 5.79 Methanol 64.5 1100 97.7 99.2 25 787 2.55 Nitrogen 195.8 198.6 210 25.3 195.8 809 2.06 160 596 2.97 Octane 124.8 306.3 57.5 180.7 20 703 2.10 Oil (light) 25 910 1.80 Oxygen 183 212.7 218.8 13.7 183 1141 1.71 Petroleum — 230–384 20 640 2.0 Propane 42.1 427.8 187.7 80.0 42.1 581 2.25 0 529 2.53 50 449 3.13 Refrigerant-134a 26.1 217.0 96.6 — 50 1443 1.23 26.1 1374 1.27 0 1295 1.34 25 1207 1.43 Water 100 2257 0.0 333.7 0 1000 4.22 25 997 4.18 50 988 4.18 75 975 4.19 100 958 4.22 * Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518 kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of 56.5°C.) 992 | Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 992 TABLE A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (Concluded ) (b) Solids (values are for room temperature unless indicated otherwise) Density, Specific heat, Density, Specific heat, Substance r kg/m3 cp kJ/kg · K Substance r kg/m3 cp kJ/kg · K Metals Nonmetals Aluminum Asphalt 2110 0.920 200 K 0.797 Brick, common 1922 0.79 250 K 0.859 Brick, fireclay (500°C) 2300 0.960 300 K 2,700 0.902 Concrete 2300 0.653 350 K 0.929 Clay 1000 0.920 400 K 0.949 Diamond 2420 0.616 450 K 0.973 Glass, window 2700 0.800 500 K 0.997 Glass, pyrex 2230 0.840 Bronze (76% Cu, 2% Zn, 8,280 0.400 Graphite 2500 0.711 2% Al) Granite 2700 1.017 Brass, yellow (65% Cu, 8,310 0.400 Gypsum or plaster board 800 1.09 35% Zn) Ice Copper 200 K 1.56 173°C 0.254 220 K 1.71 100°C 0.342 240 K 1.86 50°C 0.367 260 K 2.01 0°C 0.381 273 K 921 2.11 27°C 8,900 0.386 Limestone 1650 0.909 100°C 0.393 Marble 2600 0.880 200°C 0.403 Plywood (Douglas Fir) 545 1.21 Iron 7,840 0.45 Rubber (soft) 1100 1.840 Lead 11,310 0.128 Rubber (hard) 1150 2.009 Magnesium 1,730 1.000 Sand 1520 0.800 Nickel 8,890 0.440 Stone 1500 0.800 Silver 10,470 0.235 Woods, hard (maple, oak, etc.) 721 1.26 Steel, mild 7,830 0.500 Woods, soft (fir, pine, etc.) 513 1.38 Tungsten 19,400 0.130 (c) Foods Specific heat, Specific heat, kJ/kg · K Latent kJ/kg · K Latent Water heat of Water heat of content, Freezing Above Below fusion, content, Freezing Above Below fusion, Food % (mass) point, °C freezing freezing kJ/kg Food % (mass) point, °C freezing freezing kJ/kg Apples 84 1.1 3.65 1.90 281 Lettuce 95 0.2 4.02 2.04 317 Bananas 75 0.8 3.35 1.78 251 Milk, whole 88 0.6 3.79 1.95 294 Beef round 67 — 3.08 1.68 224 Oranges 87 0.8 3.75 1.94 291 Broccoli 90 0.6 3.86 1.97 301 Potatoes 78 0.6 3.45 1.82 261 Butter 16 — — 1.04 53 Salmon fish 64 2.2 2.98 1.65 214 Cheese, swiss 39 10.0 2.15 1.33 130 Shrimp 83 2.2 3.62 1.89 277 Cherries 80 1.8 3.52 1.85 267 Spinach 93 0.3 3.96 2.01 311 Chicken 74 2.8 3.32 1.77 247 Strawberries 90 0.8 3.86 1.97 301 Corn, sweet 74 0.6 3.32 1.77 247 Tomatoes, ripe 94 0.5 3.99 2.02 314 Eggs, whole 74 0.6 3.32 1.77 247 Turkey 64 — 2.98 1.65 214 Ice cream 63 5.6 2.95 1.63 210 Watermelon 93 0.4 3.96 2.01 311 Source: Values are obtained from various handbooks and other sources or are calculated. Water content and freezing-point data of foods are from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chapter 30, Table 1. Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing temperature for other foods. Appendix 1 | 993 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 993 TABLE A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg · K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Press., temp., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, P kPa Tsat °C vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg 1.0 6.97 0.001000 129.19 29.302 2355.2 2384.5 29.303 2484.4 2513.7 0.1059 8.8690 8.9749 1.5 13.02 0.001001 87.964 54.686 2338.1 2392.8 54.688 2470.1 2524.7 0.1956 8.6314 8.8270 2.0 17.50 0.001001 66.990 73.431 2325.5 2398.9 73.433 2459.5 2532.9 0.2606 8.4621 8.7227 2.5 21.08 0.001002 54.242 88.422 2315.4 2403.8 88.424 2451.0 2539.4 0.3118 8.3302 8.6421 3.0 24.08 0.001003 45.654 100.98 2306.9 2407.9 100.98 2443.9 2544.8 0.3543 8.2222 8.5765 4.0 28.96 0.001004 34.791 121.39 2293.1 2414.5 121.39 2432.3 2553.7 0.4224 8.0510 8.4734 5.0 32.87 0.001005 28.185 137.75 2282.1 2419.8 137.75 2423.0 2560.7 0.4762 7.9176 8.3938 7.5 40.29 0.001008 19.233 168.74 2261.1 2429.8 168.75 2405.3 2574.0 0.5763 7.6738 8.2501 10 45.81 0.001010 14.670 191.79 2245.4 2437.2 191.81 2392.1 2583.9 0.6492 7.4996 8.1488 15 53.97 0.001014 10.020 225.93 2222.1 2448.0 225.94 2372.3 2598.3 0.7549 7.2522 8.0071 20 60.06 0.001017 7.6481 251.40 2204.6 2456.0 251.42 2357.5 2608.9 0.8320 7.0752 7.9073 25 64.96 0.001020 6.2034 271.93 2190.4 2462.4 271.96 2345.5 2617.5 0.8932 6.9370 7.8302 30 69.09 0.001022 5.2287 289.24 2178.5 2467.7 289.27 2335.3 2624.6 0.9441 6.8234 7.7675 40 75.86 0.001026 3.9933 317.58 2158.8 2476.3 317.62 2318.4 2636.1 1.0261 6.6430 7.6691 50 81.32 0.001030 3.2403 340.49 2142.7 2483.2 340.54 2304.7 2645.2 1.0912 6.5019 7.5931 75 91.76 0.001037 2.2172 384.36 2111.8 2496.1 384.44 2278.0 2662.4 1.2132 6.2426 7.4558 100 99.61 0.001043 1.6941 417.40 2088.2 2505.6 417.51 2257.5 2675.0 1.3028 6.0562 7.3589 101.325 99.97 0.001043 1.6734 418.95 2087.0 2506.0 419.06 2256.5 2675.6 1.3069 6.0476 7.3545 125 105.97 0.001048 1.3750 444.23 2068.8 2513.0 444.36 2240.6 2684.9 1.3741 5.9100 7.2841 150 111.35 0.001053 1.1594 466.97 2052.3 2519.2 467.13 2226.0 2693.1 1.4337 5.7894 7.2231 175 116.04 0.001057 1.0037 486.82 2037.7 2524.5 487.01 2213.1 2700.2 1.4850 5.6865 7.1716 200 120.21 0.001061 0.88578 504.50 2024.6 2529.1 504.71 2201.6 2706.3 1.5302 5.5968 7.1270 225 123.97 0.001064 0.79329 520.47 2012.7 2533.2 520.71 2191.0 2711.7 1.5706 5.5171 7.0877 250 127.41 0.001067 0.71873 535.08 2001.8 2536.8 535.35 2181.2 2716.5 1.6072 5.4453 7.0525 275 130.58 0.001070 0.65732 548.57 1991.6 2540.1 548.86 2172.0 2720.9 1.6408 5.3800 7.0207 300 133.52 0.001073 0.60582 561.11 1982.1 2543.2 561.43 2163.5 2724.9 1.6717 5.3200 6.9917 325 136.27 0.001076 0.56199 572.84 1973.1 2545.9 573.19 2155.4 2728.6 1.7005 5.2645 6.9650 350 138.86 0.001079 0.52422 583.89 1964.6 2548.5 584.26 2147.7 2732.0 1.7274 5.2128 6.9402 375 141.30 0.001081 0.49133 594.32 1956.6 2550.9 594.73 2140.4 2735.1 1.7526 5.1645 6.9171 400 143.61 0.001084 0.46242 604.22 1948.9 2553.1 604.66 2133.4 2738.1 1.7765 5.1191 6.8955 450 147.90 0.001088 0.41392 622.65 1934.5 2557.1 623.14 2120.3 2743.4 1.8205 5.0356 6.8561 500 151.83 0.001093 0.37483 639.54 1921.2 2560.7 640.09 2108.0 2748.1 1.8604 4.9603 6.8207 550 155.46 0.001097 0.34261 655.16 1908.8 2563.9 655.77 2096.6 2752.4 1.8970 4.8916 6.7886 600 158.83 0.001101 0.31560 669.72 1897.1 2566.8 670.38 2085.8 2756.2 1.9308 4.8285 6.7593 650 161.98 0.001104 0.29260 683.37 1886.1 2569.4 684.08 2075.5 2759.6 1.9623 4.7699 6.7322 700 164.95 0.001108 0.27278 696.23 1875.6 2571.8 697.00 2065.8 2762.8 1.9918 4.7153 6.7071 750 167.75 0.001111 0.25552 708.40 1865.6 2574.0 709.24 2056.4 2765.7 2.0195 4.6642 6.6837 996 | Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences (Continued) 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 996 TABLE A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table (Continued) Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg · K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Press., temp., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, P kPa Tsat °C vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg 800 170.41 0.001115 0.24035 719.97 1856.1 2576.0 720.87 2047.5 2768.3 2.0457 4.6160 6.6616 850 172.94 0.001118 0.22690 731.00 1846.9 2577.9 731.95 2038.8 2770.8 2.0705 4.5705 6.6409 900 175.35 0.001121 0.21489 741.55 1838.1 2579.6 742.56 2030.5 2773.0 2.0941 4.5273 6.6213 950 177.66 0.001124 0.20411 751.67 1829.6 2581.3 752.74 2022.4 2775.2 2.1166 4.4862 6.6027 1000 179.88 0.001127 0.19436 761.39 1821.4 2582.8 762.51 2014.6 2777.1 2.1381 4.4470 6.5850 1100 184.06 0.001133 0.17745 779.78 1805.7 2585.5 781.03 1999.6 2780.7 2.1785 4.3735 6.5520 1200 187.96 0.001138 0.16326 796.96 1790.9 2587.8 798.33 1985.4 2783.8 2.2159 4.3058 6.5217 1300 191.60 0.001144 0.15119 813.10 1776.8 2589.9 814.59 1971.9 2786.5 2.2508 4.2428 6.4936 1400 195.04 0.001149 0.14078 828.35 1763.4 2591.8 829.96 1958.9 2788.9 2.2835 4.1840 6.4675 1500 198.29 0.001154 0.13171 842.82 1750.6 2593.4 844.55 1946.4 2791.0 2.3143 4.1287 6.4430 1750 205.72 0.001166 0.11344 876.12 1720.6 2596.7 878.16 1917.1 2795.2 2.3844 4.0033 6.3877 2000 212.38 0.001177 0.099587 906.12 1693.0 2599.1 908.47 1889.8 2798.3 2.4467 3.8923 6.3390 2250 218.41 0.001187 0.088717 933.54 1667.3 2600.9 936.21 1864.3 2800.5 2.5029 3.7926 6.2954 2500 223.95 0.001197 0.079952 958.87 1643.2 2602.1 961.87 1840.1 2801.9 2.5542 3.7016 6.2558 3000 233.85 0.001217 0.066667 1004.6 1598.5 2603.2 1008.3 1794.9 2803.2 2.6454 3.5402 6.1856 3500 242.56 0.001235 0.057061 1045.4 1557.6 2603.0 1049.7 1753.0 2802.7 2.7253 3.3991 6.1244 4000 250.35 0.001252 0.049779 1082.4 1519.3 2601.7 1087.4 1713.5 2800.8 2.7966 3.2731 6.0696 5000 263.94 0.001286 0.039448 1148.1 1448.9 2597.0 1154.5 1639.7 2794.2 2.9207 3.0530 5.9737 6000 275.59 0.001319 0.032449 1205.8 1384.1 2589.9 1213.8 1570.9 2784.6 3.0275 2.8627 5.8902 7000 285.83 0.001352 0.027378 1258.0 1323.0 2581.0 1267.5 1505.2 2772.6 3.1220 2.6927 5.8148 8000 295.01 0.001384 0.023525 1306.0 1264.5 2570.5 1317.1 1441.6 2758.7 3.2077 2.5373 5.7450 9000 303.35 0.001418 0.020489 1350.9 1207.6 2558.5 1363.7 1379.3 2742.9 3.2866 2.3925 5.6791 10,000 311.00 0.001452 0.018028 1393.3 1151.8 2545.2 1407.8 1317.6 2725.5 3.3603 2.2556 5.6159 11,000 318.08 0.001488 0.015988 1433.9 1096.6 2530.4 1450.2 1256.1 2706.3 3.4299 2.1245 5.5544 12,000 324.68 0.001526 0.014264 1473.0 1041.3 2514.3 1491.3 1194.1 2685.4 3.4964 1.9975 5.4939 13,000 330.85 0.001566 0.012781 1511.0 985.5 2496.6 1531.4 1131.3 2662.7 3.5606 1.8730 5.4336 14,000 336.67 0.001610 0.011487 1548.4 928.7 2477.1 1571.0 1067.0 2637.9 3.6232 1.7497 5.3728 15,000 342.16 0.001657 0.010341 1585.5 870.3 2455.7 1610.3 1000.5 2610.8 3.6848 1.6261 5.3108 16,000 347.36 0.001710 0.009312 1622.6 809.4 2432.0 1649.9 931.1 2581.0 3.7461 1.5005 5.2466 17,000 352.29 0.001770 0.008374 1660.2 745.1 2405.4 1690.3 857.4 2547.7 3.8082 1.3709 5.1791 18,000 356.99 0.001840 0.007504 1699.1 675.9 2375.0 1732.2 777.8 2510.0 3.8720 1.2343 5.1064 19,000 361.47 0.001926 0.006677 1740.3 598.9 2339.2 1776.8 689.2 2466.0 3.9396 1.0860 5.0256 20,000 365.75 0.002038 0.005862 1785.8 509.0 2294.8 1826.6 585.5 2412.1 4.0146 0.9164 4.9310 21,000 369.83 0.002207 0.004994 1841.6 391.9 2233.5 1888.0 450.4 2338.4 4.1071 0.7005 4.8076 22,000 373.71 0.002703 0.003644 1951.7 140.8 2092.4 2011.1 161.5 2172.6 4.2942 0.2496 4.5439 22,064 373.95 0.003106 0.003106 2015.7 0 2015.7 2084.3 0 2084.3 4.4070 0 4.4070 Appendix 1 | 997 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 997 998 | Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences TABLE A–6 Superheated water T v u h s v u h s v u h s °C m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg K m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg K m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg K P 0.01 MPa (45.81°C)* P 0.05 MPa (81.32°C) P 0.10 MPa (99.61°C) Sat.† 14.670 2437.2 2583.9 8.1488 3.2403 2483.2 2645.2 7.5931 1.6941 2505.6 2675.0 7.3589 50 14.867 2443.3 2592.0 8.1741 100 17.196 2515.5 2687.5 8.4489 3.4187 2511.5 2682.4 7.6953 1.6959 2506.2 2675.8 7.3611 150 19.513 2587.9 2783.0 8.6893 3.8897 2585.7 2780.2 7.9413 1.9367 2582.9 2776.6 7.6148 200 21.826 2661.4 2879.6 8.9049 4.3562 2660.0 2877.8 8.1592 2.1724 2658.2 2875.5 7.8356 250 24.136 2736.1 2977.5 9.1015 4.8206 2735.1 2976.2 8.3568 2.4062 2733.9 2974.5 8.0346 300 26.446 2812.3 3076.7 9.2827 5.2841 2811.6 3075.8 8.5387 2.6389 2810.7 3074.5 8.2172 400 31.063 2969.3 3280.0 9.6094 6.2094 2968.9 3279.3 8.8659 3.1027 2968.3 3278.6 8.5452 500 35.680 3132.9 3489.7 9.8998 7.1338 3132.6 3489.3 9.1566 3.5655 3132.2 3488.7 8.8362 600 40.296 3303.3 3706.3 10.1631 8.0577 3303.1 3706.0 9.4201 4.0279 3302.8 3705.6 9.0999 700 44.911 3480.8 3929.9 10.4056 8.9813 3480.6 3929.7 9.6626 4.4900 3480.4 3929.4 9.3424 800 49.527 3665.4 4160.6 10.6312 9.9047 3665.2 4160.4 9.8883 4.9519 3665.0 4160.2 9.5682 900 54.143 3856.9 4398.3 10.8429 10.8280 3856.8 4398.2 10.1000 5.4137 3856.7 4398.0 9.7800 1000 58.758 4055.3 4642.8 11.0429 11.7513 4055.2 4642.7 10.3000 5.8755 4055.0 4642.6 9.9800 1100 63.373 4260.0 4893.8 11.2326 12.6745 4259.9 4893.7 10.4897 6.3372 4259.8 4893.6 10.1698 1200 67.989 4470.9 5150.8 11.4132 13.5977 4470.8 5150.7 10.6704 6.7988 4470.7 5150.6 10.3504 1300 72.604 4687.4 5413.4 11.5857 14.5209 4687.3 5413.3 10.8429 7.2605 4687.2 5413.3 10.5229 P 0.20 MPa (120.21°C) P 0.30 MPa (133.52°C) P 0.40 MPa (143.61°C) Sat. 0.88578 2529.1 2706.3 7.1270 0.60582 2543.2 2724.9 6.9917 0.46242 2553.1 2738.1 6.8955 150 0.95986 2577.1 2769.1 7.2810 0.63402 2571.0 2761.2 7.0792 0.47088 2564.4 2752.8 6.9306 200 1.08049 2654.6 2870.7 7.5081 0.71643 2651.0 2865.9 7.3132 0.53434 2647.2 2860.9 7.1723 250 1.19890 2731.4 2971.2 7.7100 0.79645 2728.9 2967.9 7.5180 0.59520 2726.4 2964.5 7.3804 300 1.31623 2808.8 3072.1 7.8941 0.87535 2807.0 3069.6 7.7037 0.65489 2805.1 3067.1 7.5677 400 1.54934 2967.2 3277.0 8.2236 1.03155 2966.0 3275.5 8.0347 0.77265 2964.9 3273.9 7.9003 500 1.78142 3131.4 3487.7 8.5153 1.18672 3130.6 3486.6 8.3271 0.88936 3129.8 3485.5 8.1933 600 2.01302 3302.2 3704.8 8.7793 1.34139 3301.6 3704.0 8.5915 1.00558 3301.0 3703.3 8.4580 700 2.24434 3479.9 3928.8 9.0221 1.49580 3479.5 3928.2 8.8345 1.12152 3479.0 3927.6 8.7012 800 2.47550 3664.7 4159.8 9.2479 1.65004 3664.3 4159.3 9.0605 1.23730 3663.9 4158.9 8.9274 900 2.70656 3856.3 4397.7 9.4598 1.80417 3856.0 4397.3 9.2725 1.35298 3855.7 4396.9 9.1394 1000 2.93755 4054.8 4642.3 9.6599 1.95824 4054.5 4642.0 9.4726 1.46859 4054.3 4641.7 9.3396 1100 3.16848 4259.6 4893.3 9.8497 2.11226 4259.4 4893.1 9.6624 1.58414 4259.2 4892.9 9.5295 1200 3.39938 4470.5 5150.4 10.0304 2.26624 4470.3 5150.2 9.8431 1.69966 4470.2 5150.0 9.7102 1300 3.63026 4687.1 5413.1 10.2029 2.42019 4686.9 5413.0 10.0157 1.81516 4686.7 5412.8 9.8828 P 0.50 MPa (151.83°C) P 0.60 MPa (158.83°C) P 0.80 MPa (170.41°C) Sat. 0.37483 2560.7 2748.1 6.8207 0.31560 2566.8 2756.2 6.7593 0.24035 2576.0 2768.3 6.6616 200 0.42503 2643.3 2855.8 7.0610 0.35212 2639.4 2850.6 6.9683 0.26088 2631.1 2839.8 6.8177 250 0.47443 2723.8 2961.0 7.2725 0.39390 2721.2 2957.6 7.1833 0.29321 2715.9 2950.4 7.0402 300 0.52261 2803.3 3064.6 7.4614 0.43442 2801.4 3062.0 7.3740 0.32416 2797.5 3056.9 7.2345 350 0.57015 2883.0 3168.1 7.6346 0.47428 2881.6 3166.1 7.5481 0.35442 2878.6 3162.2 7.4107 400 0.61731 2963.7 3272.4 7.7956 0.51374 2962.5 3270.8 7.7097 0.38429 2960.2 3267.7 7.5735 500 0.71095 3129.0 3484.5 8.0893 0.59200 3128.2 3483.4 8.0041 0.44332 3126.6 3481.3 7.8692 600 0.80409 3300.4 3702.5 8.3544 0.66976 3299.8 3701.7 8.2695 0.50186 3298.7 3700.1 8.1354 700 0.89696 3478.6 3927.0 8.5978 0.74725 3478.1 3926.4 8.5132 0.56011 3477.2 3925.3 8.3794 800 0.98966 3663.6 4158.4 8.8240 0.82457 3663.2 4157.9 8.7395 0.61820 3662.5 4157.0 8.6061 900 1.08227 3855.4 4396.6 9.0362 0.90179 3855.1 4396.2 8.9518 0.67619 3854.5 4395.5 8.8185 1000 1.17480 4054.0 4641.4 9.2364 0.97893 4053.8 4641.1 9.1521 0.73411 4053.3 4640.5 9.0189 1100 1.26728 4259.0 4892.6 9.4263 1.05603 4258.8 4892.4 9.3420 0.79197 4258.3 4891.9 9.2090 1200 1.35972 4470.0 5149.8 9.6071 1.13309 4469.8 5149.6 9.5229 0.84980 4469.4 5149.3 9.3898 1300 1.45214 4686.6 5412.6 9.7797 1.21012 4686.4 5412.5 9.6955 0.90761 4686.1 5412.2 9.5625 *The temperature in parentheses is the saturation temperature at the specified pressure. † Properties of saturated vapor at the specified pressure. 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 998 TABLE A–6 Superheated water (Concluded) T v u h s v u h s v u h s °C m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg K m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg K m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg K P 15.0 MPa (342.16C) P 17.5 MPa (354.67C) P 20.0 MPa (365.75C) Sat. 0.010341 2455.7 2610.8 5.3108 0.007932 2390.7 2529.5 5.1435 0.005862 2294.8 2412.1 4.9310 350 0.011481 2520.9 2693.1 5.4438 400 0.015671 2740.6 2975.7 5.8819 0.012463 2684.3 2902.4 5.7211 0.009950 2617.9 2816.9 5.5526 450 0.018477 2880.8 3157.9 6.1434 0.015204 2845.4 3111.4 6.0212 0.012721 2807.3 3061.7 5.9043 500 0.020828 2998.4 3310.8 6.3480 0.017385 2972.4 3276.7 6.2424 0.014793 2945.3 3241.2 6.1446 550 0.022945 3106.2 3450.4 6.5230 0.019305 3085.8 3423.6 6.4266 0.016571 3064.7 3396.2 6.3390 600 0.024921 3209.3 3583.1 6.6796 0.021073 3192.5 3561.3 6.5890 0.018185 3175.3 3539.0 6.5075 650 0.026804 3310.1 3712.1 6.8233 0.022742 3295.8 3693.8 6.7366 0.019695 3281.4 3675.3 6.6593 700 0.028621 3409.8 3839.1 6.9573 0.024342 3397.5 3823.5 6.8735 0.021134 3385.1 3807.8 6.7991 800 0.032121 3609.3 4091.1 7.2037 0.027405 3599.7 4079.3 7.1237 0.023870 3590.1 4067.5 7.0531 900 0.035503 3811.2 4343.7 7.4288 0.030348 3803.5 4334.6 7.3511 0.026484 3795.7 4325.4 7.2829 1000 0.038808 4017.1 4599.2 7.6378 0.033215 4010.7 4592.0 7.5616 0.029020 4004.3 4584.7 7.4950 1100 0.042062 4227.7 4858.6 7.8339 0.036029 4222.3 4852.8 7.7588 0.031504 4216.9 4847.0 7.6933 1200 0.045279 4443.1 5122.3 8.0192 0.038806 4438.5 5117.6 7.9449 0.033952 4433.8 5112.9 7.8802 1300 0.048469 4663.3 5390.3 8.1952 0.041556 4659.2 5386.5 8.1215 0.036371 4655.2 5382.7 8.0574 P 25.0 MPa P 30.0 MPa P 35.0 MPa 375 0.001978 1799.9 1849.4 4.0345 0.001792 1738.1 1791.9 3.9313 0.001701 1702.8 1762.4 3.8724 400 0.006005 2428.5 2578.7 5.1400 0.002798 2068.9 2152.8 4.4758 0.002105 1914.9 1988.6 4.2144 425 0.007886 2607.8 2805.0 5.4708 0.005299 2452.9 2611.8 5.1473 0.003434 2253.3 2373.5 4.7751 450 0.009176 2721.2 2950.6 5.6759 0.006737 2618.9 2821.0 5.4422 0.004957 2497.5 2671.0 5.1946 500 0.011143 2887.3 3165.9 5.9643 0.008691 2824.0 3084.8 5.7956 0.006933 2755.3 2997.9 5.6331 550 0.012736 3020.8 3339.2 6.1816 0.010175 2974.5 3279.7 6.0403 0.008348 2925.8 3218.0 5.9093 600 0.014140 3140.0 3493.5 6.3637 0.011445 3103.4 3446.8 6.2373 0.009523 3065.6 3399.0 6.1229 650 0.015430 3251.9 3637.7 6.5243 0.012590 3221.7 3599.4 6.4074 0.010565 3190.9 3560.7 6.3030 700 0.016643 3359.9 3776.0 6.6702 0.013654 3334.3 3743.9 6.5599 0.011523 3308.3 3711.6 6.4623 800 0.018922 3570.7 4043.8 6.9322 0.015628 3551.2 4020.0 6.8301 0.013278 3531.6 3996.3 6.7409 900 0.021075 3780.2 4307.1 7.1668 0.017473 3764.6 4288.8 7.0695 0.014904 3749.0 4270.6 6.9853 1000 0.023150 3991.5 4570.2 7.3821 0.019240 3978.6 4555.8 7.2880 0.016450 3965.8 4541.5 7.2069 1100 0.025172 4206.1 4835.4 7.5825 0.020954 4195.2 4823.9 7.4906 0.017942 4184.4 4812.4 7.4118 1200 0.027157 4424.6 5103.5 7.7710 0.022630 4415.3 5094.2 7.6807 0.019398 4406.1 5085.0 7.6034 1300 0.029115 4647.2 5375.1 7.9494 0.024279 4639.2 5367.6 7.8602 0.020827 4631.2 5360.2 7.7841 P 40.0 MPa P 50.0 MPa P 60.0 MPa 375 0.001641 1677.0 1742.6 3.8290 0.001560 1638.6 1716.6 3.7642 0.001503 1609.7 1699.9 3.7149 400 0.001911 1855.0 1931.4 4.1145 0.001731 1787.8 1874.4 4.0029 0.001633 1745.2 1843.2 3.9317 425 0.002538 2097.5 2199.0 4.5044 0.002009 1960.3 2060.7 4.2746 0.001816 1892.9 2001.8 4.1630 450 0.003692 2364.2 2511.8 4.9449 0.002487 2160.3 2284.7 4.5896 0.002086 2055.1 2180.2 4.4140 500 0.005623 2681.6 2906.5 5.4744 0.003890 2528.1 2722.6 5.1762 0.002952 2393.2 2570.3 4.9356 550 0.006985 2875.1 3154.4 5.7857 0.005118 2769.5 3025.4 5.5563 0.003955 2664.6 2901.9 5.3517 600 0.008089 3026.8 3350.4 6.0170 0.006108 2947.1 3252.6 5.8245 0.004833 2866.8 3156.8 5.6527 650 0.009053 3159.5 3521.6 6.2078 0.006957 3095.6 3443.5 6.0373 0.005591 3031.3 3366.8 5.8867 700 0.009930 3282.0 3679.2 6.3740 0.007717 3228.7 3614.6 6.2179 0.006265 3175.4 3551.3 6.0814 800 0.011521 3511.8 3972.6 6.6613 0.009073 3472.2 3925.8 6.5225 0.007456 3432.6 3880.0 6.4033 900 0.012980 3733.3 4252.5 6.9107 0.010296 3702.0 4216.8 6.7819 0.008519 3670.9 4182.1 6.6725 1000 0.014360 3952.9 4527.3 7.1355 0.011441 3927.4 4499.4 7.0131 0.009504 3902.0 4472.2 6.9099 1100 0.015686 4173.7 4801.1 7.3425 0.012534 4152.2 4778.9 7.2244 0.010439 4130.9 4757.3 7.1255 1200 0.016976 4396.9 5075.9 7.5357 0.013590 4378.6 5058.1 7.4207 0.011339 4360.5 5040.8 7.3248 1300 0.018239 4623.3 5352.8 7.7175 0.014620 4607.5 5338.5 7.6048 0.012213 4591.8 5324.5 7.5111 Appendix 1 | 1001 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1001 TABLE A–7 Compressed liquid water T v u h s v u h s v u h s °C m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg K m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg K m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg K P 5 MPa (263.94C) P 10 MPa (311.00C) P 15 MPa (342.16C) Sat. 0.0012862 1148.1 1154.5 2.9207 0.0014522 1393.3 1407.9 3.3603 0.0016572 1585.5 1610.3 3.6848 0 0.0009977 0.04 5.03 0.0001 0.0009952 0.12 10.07 0.0003 0.0009928 0.18 15.07 0.0004 20 0.0009996 83.61 88.61 0.2954 0.0009973 83.31 93.28 0.2943 0.0009951 83.01 97.93 0.2932 40 0.0010057 166.92 171.95 0.5705 0.0010035 166.33 176.37 0.5685 0.0010013 165.75 180.77 0.5666 60 0.0010149 250.29 255.36 0.8287 0.0010127 249.43 259.55 0.8260 0.0010105 248.58 263.74 0.8234 80 0.0010267 333.82 338.96 1.0723 0.0010244 332.69 342.94 1.0691 0.0010221 331.59 346.92 1.0659 100 0.0010410 417.65 422.85 1.3034 0.0010385 416.23 426.62 1.2996 0.0010361 414.85 430.39 1.2958 120 0.0010576 501.91 507.19 1.5236 0.0010549 500.18 510.73 1.5191 0.0010522 498.50 514.28 1.5148 140 0.0010769 586.80 592.18 1.7344 0.0010738 584.72 595.45 1.7293 0.0010708 582.69 598.75 1.7243 160 0.0010988 672.55 678.04 1.9374 0.0010954 670.06 681.01 1.9316 0.0010920 667.63 684.01 1.9259 180 0.0011240 759.47 765.09 2.1338 0.0011200 756.48 767.68 2.1271 0.0011160 753.58 770.32 2.1206 200 0.0011531 847.92 853.68 2.3251 0.0011482 844.32 855.80 2.3174 0.0011435 840.84 858.00 2.3100 220 0.0011868 938.39 944.32 2.5127 0.0011809 934.01 945.82 2.5037 0.0011752 929.81 947.43 2.4951 240 0.0012268 1031.6 1037.7 2.6983 0.0012192 1026.2 1038.3 2.6876 0.0012121 1021.0 1039.2 2.6774 260 0.0012755 1128.5 1134.9 2.8841 0.0012653 1121.6 1134.3 2.8710 0.0012560 1115.1 1134.0 2.8586 280 0.0013226 1221.8 1235.0 3.0565 0.0013096 1213.4 1233.0 3.0410 300 0.0013980 1329.4 1343.3 3.2488 0.0013783 1317.6 1338.3 3.2279 320 0.0014733 1431.9 1454.0 3.4263 340 0.0016311 1567.9 1592.4 3.6555 P 20 MPa (365.75C) P 30 MPa P 50 MPa Sat. 0.0020378 1785.8 1826.6 4.0146 0 0.0009904 0.23 20.03 0.0005 0.0009857 0.29 29.86 0.0003 0.0009767 0.29 49.13 0.0010 20 0.0009929 82.71 102.57 0.2921 0.0009886 82.11 111.77 0.2897 0.0009805 80.93 129.95 0.2845 40 0.0009992 165.17 185.16 0.5646 0.0009951 164.05 193.90 0.5607 0.0009872 161.90 211.25 0.5528 60 0.0010084 247.75 267.92 0.8208 0.0010042 246.14 276.26 0.8156 0.0009962 243.08 292.88 0.8055 80 0.0010199 330.50 350.90 1.0627 0.0010155 328.40 358.86 1.0564 0.0010072 324.42 374.78 1.0442 100 0.0010337 413.50 434.17 1.2920 0.0010290 410.87 441.74 1.2847 0.0010201 405.94 456.94 1.2705 120 0.0010496 496.85 517.84 1.5105 0.0010445 493.66 525.00 1.5020 0.0010349 487.69 539.43 1.4859 140 0.0010679 580.71 602.07 1.7194 0.0010623 576.90 608.76 1.7098 0.0010517 569.77 622.36 1.6916 160 0.0010886 665.28 687.05 1.9203 0.0010823 660.74 693.21 1.9094 0.0010704 652.33 705.85 1.8889 180 0.0011122 750.78 773.02 2.1143 0.0011049 745.40 778.55 2.1020 0.0010914 735.49 790.06 2.0790 200 0.0011390 837.49 860.27 2.3027 0.0011304 831.11 865.02 2.2888 0.0011149 819.45 875.19 2.2628 220 0.0011697 925.77 949.16 2.4867 0.0011595 918.15 952.93 2.4707 0.0011412 904.39 961.45 2.4414 240 0.0012053 1016.1 1040.2 2.6676 0.0011927 1006.9 1042.7 2.6491 0.0011708 990.55 1049.1 2.6156 260 0.0012472 1109.0 1134.0 2.8469 0.0012314 1097.8 1134.7 2.8250 0.0012044 1078.2 1138.4 2.7864 280 0.0012978 1205.6 1231.5 3.0265 0.0012770 1191.5 1229.8 3.0001 0.0012430 1167.7 1229.9 2.9547 300 0.0013611 1307.2 1334.4 3.2091 0.0013322 1288.9 1328.9 3.1761 0.0012879 1259.6 1324.0 3.1218 320 0.0014450 1416.6 1445.5 3.3996 0.0014014 1391.7 1433.7 3.3558 0.0013409 1354.3 1421.4 3.2888 340 0.0015693 1540.2 1571.6 3.6086 0.0014932 1502.4 1547.1 3.5438 0.0014049 1452.9 1523.1 3.4575 360 0.0018248 1703.6 1740.1 3.8787 0.0016276 1626.8 1675.6 3.7499 0.0014848 1556.5 1630.7 3.6301 380 0.0018729 1782.0 1838.2 4.0026 0.0015884 1667.1 1746.5 3.8102 1002 | Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1002 Appendix 1 | 1003 TABLE A–8 Saturated ice–water vapor Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg · K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Temp., press., ice, vapor, ice, Subl., vapor, ice, Subl., vapor, ice, Subl., vapor, T °C Psat kPa vi vg ui uig ug hi hig hg si sig sg 0.01 0.61169 0.001091 205.99 333.40 2707.9 2374.5 333.40 2833.9 2500.5 1.2202 10.374 9.154 0 0.61115 0.001091 206.17 333.43 2707.9 2374.5 333.43 2833.9 2500.5 1.2204 10.375 9.154 2 0.51772 0.001091 241.62 337.63 2709.4 2371.8 337.63 2834.5 2496.8 1.2358 10.453 9.218 4 0.43748 0.001090 283.84 341.80 2710.8 2369.0 341.80 2835.0 2493.2 1.2513 10.533 9.282 6 0.36873 0.001090 334.27 345.94 2712.2 2366.2 345.93 2835.4 2489.5 1.2667 10.613 9.347 8 0.30998 0.001090 394.66 350.04 2713.5 2363.5 350.04 2835.8 2485.8 1.2821 10.695 9.413 10 0.25990 0.001089 467.17 354.12 2714.8 2360.7 354.12 2836.2 2482.1 1.2976 10.778 9.480 12 0.21732 0.001089 554.47 358.17 2716.1 2357.9 358.17 2836.6 2478.4 1.3130 10.862 9.549 14 0.18121 0.001088 659.88 362.18 2717.3 2355.2 362.18 2836.9 2474.7 1.3284 10.947 9.618 16 0.15068 0.001088 787.51 366.17 2718.6 2352.4 366.17 2837.2 2471.0 1.3439 11.033 9.689 18 0.12492 0.001088 942.51 370.13 2719.7 2349.6 370.13 2837.5 2467.3 1.3593 11.121 9.761 20 0.10326 0.001087 1131.3 374.06 2720.9 2346.8 374.06 2837.7 2463.6 1.3748 11.209 9.835 22 0.08510 0.001087 1362.0 377.95 2722.0 2344.1 377.95 2837.9 2459.9 1.3903 11.300 9.909 24 0.06991 0.001087 1644.7 381.82 2723.1 2341.3 381.82 2838.1 2456.2 1.4057 11.391 9.985 26 0.05725 0.001087 1992.2 385.66 2724.2 2338.5 385.66 2838.2 2452.5 1.4212 11.484 10.063 28 0.04673 0.001086 2421.0 389.47 2725.2 2335.7 389.47 2838.3 2448.8 1.4367 11.578 10.141 30 0.03802 0.001086 2951.7 393.25 2726.2 2332.9 393.25 2838.4 2445.1 1.4521 11.673 10.221 32 0.03082 0.001086 3610.9 397.00 2727.2 2330.2 397.00 2838.4 2441.4 1.4676 11.770 10.303 34 0.02490 0.001085 4432.4 400.72 2728.1 2327.4 400.72 2838.5 2437.7 1.4831 11.869 10.386 36 0.02004 0.001085 5460.1 404.40 2729.0 2324.6 404.40 2838.4 2434.0 1.4986 11.969 10.470 38 0.01608 0.001085 6750.5 408.07 2729.9 2321.8 408.07 2838.4 2430.3 1.5141 12.071 10.557 40 0.01285 0.001084 8376.7 411.70 2730.7 2319.0 411.70 2838.3 2426.6 1.5296 12.174 10.644 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1003 1006 | Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences TABLE A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg · K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Temp., press., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, T °C Psat kPa vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg 40 51.25 0.0007054 0.36081 0.036 207.40 207.37 0.000 225.86 225.86 0.00000 0.96866 0.96866 38 56.86 0.0007083 0.32732 2.475 206.04 208.51 2.515 224.61 227.12 0.01072 0.95511 0.96584 36 62.95 0.0007112 0.29751 4.992 204.67 209.66 5.037 223.35 228.39 0.02138 0.94176 0.96315 34 69.56 0.0007142 0.27090 7.517 203.29 210.81 7.566 222.09 229.65 0.03199 0.92859 0.96058 32 76.71 0.0007172 0.24711 10.05 201.91 211.96 10.10 220.81 230.91 0.04253 0.91560 0.95813 30 84.43 0.0007203 0.22580 12.59 200.52 213.11 12.65 219.52 232.17 0.05301 0.90278 0.95579 28 92.76 0.0007234 0.20666 15.13 199.12 214.25 15.20 218.22 233.43 0.06344 0.89012 0.95356 26 101.73 0.0007265 0.18946 17.69 197.72 215.40 17.76 216.92 234.68 0.07382 0.87762 0.95144 24 111.37 0.0007297 0.17395 20.25 196.30 216.55 20.33 215.59 235.92 0.08414 0.86527 0.94941 22 121.72 0.0007329 0.15995 22.82 194.88 217.70 22.91 214.26 s237.17 0.09441 0.85307 0.94748 20 132.82 0.0007362 0.14729 25.39 193.45 218.84 25.49 212.91 238.41 0.10463 0.84101 0.94564 18 144.69 0.0007396 0.13583 27.98 192.01 219.98 28.09 211.55 239.64 0.11481 0.82908 0.94389 16 157.38 0.0007430 0.12542 30.57 190.56 221.13 30.69 210.18 240.87 0.12493 0.81729 0.94222 14 170.93 0.0007464 0.11597 33.17 189.09 222.27 33.30 208.79 242.09 0.13501 0.80561 0.94063 12 185.37 0.0007499 0.10736 35.78 187.62 223.40 35.92 207.38 243.30 0.14504 0.79406 0.93911 10 200.74 0.0007535 0.099516 38.40 186.14 224.54 38.55 205.96 244.51 0.15504 0.78263 0.93766 8 217.08 0.0007571 0.092352 41.03 184.64 225.67 41.19 204.52 245.72 0.16498 0.77130 0.93629 6 234.44 0.0007608 0.085802 43.66 183.13 226.80 43.84 203.07 246.91 0.17489 0.76008 0.93497 4 252.85 0.0007646 0.079804 46.31 181.61 227.92 46.50 201.60 248.10 0.18476 0.74896 0.93372 2 272.36 0.0007684 0.074304 48.96 180.08 229.04 49.17 200.11 249.28 0.19459 0.73794 0.93253 0 293.01 0.0007723 0.069255 51.63 178.53 230.16 51.86 198.60 250.45 0.20439 0.72701 0.93139 2 314.84 0.0007763 0.064612 54.30 176.97 231.27 54.55 197.07 251.61 0.21415 0.71616 0.93031 4 337.90 0.0007804 0.060338 56.99 175.39 232.38 57.25 195.51 252.77 0.22387 0.70540 0.92927 6 362.23 0.0007845 0.056398 59.68 173.80 233.48 59.97 193.94 253.91 0.23356 0.69471 0.92828 8 387.88 0.0007887 0.052762 62.39 172.19 234.58 62.69 192.35 255.04 0.24323 0.68410 0.92733 10 414.89 0.0007930 0.049403 65.10 170.56 235.67 65.43 190.73 256.16 0.25286 0.67356 0.92641 12 443.31 0.0007975 0.046295 67.83 168.92 236.75 68.18 189.09 257.27 0.26246 0.66308 0.92554 14 473.19 0.0008020 0.043417 70.57 167.26 237.83 70.95 187.42 258.37 0.27204 0.65266 0.92470 16 504.58 0.0008066 0.040748 73.32 165.58 238.90 73.73 185.73 259.46 0.28159 0.64230 0.92389 18 537.52 0.0008113 0.038271 76.08 163.88 239.96 76.52 184.01 260.53 0.29112 0.63198 0.92310 (Continued) 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1006 TABLE A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table (Continued) Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg · K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Temp., press., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, T °C Psat kPa vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg 20 572.07 0.0008161 0.035969 78.86 162.16 241.02 79.32 182.27 261.59 0.30063 0.62172 0.92234 22 608.27 0.0008210 0.033828 81.64 160.42 242.06 82.14 180.49 262.64 0.31011 0.61149 0.92160 24 646.18 0.0008261 0.031834 84.44 158.65 243.10 84.98 178.69 263.67 0.31958 0.60130 0.92088 26 685.84 0.0008313 0.029976 87.26 156.87 244.12 87.83 176.85 264.68 0.32903 0.59115 0.92018 28 727.31 0.0008366 0.028242 90.09 155.05 245.14 90.69 174.99 265.68 0.33846 0.58102 0.91948 30 770.64 0.0008421 0.026622 92.93 153.22 246.14 93.58 173.08 266.66 0.34789 0.57091 0.91879 32 815.89 0.0008478 0.025108 95.79 151.35 247.14 96.48 171.14 267.62 0.35730 0.56082 0.91811 34 863.11 0.0008536 0.023691 98.66 149.46 248.12 99.40 169.17 268.57 0.36670 0.55074 0.91743 36 912.35 0.0008595 0.022364 101.55 147.54 249.08 102.33 167.16 269.49 0.37609 0.54066 0.91675 38 963.68 0.0008657 0.021119 104.45 145.58 250.04 105.29 165.10 270.39 0.38548 0.53058 0.91606 40 1017.1 0.0008720 0.019952 107.38 143.60 250.97 108.26 163.00 271.27 0.39486 0.52049 0.91536 42 1072.8 0.0008786 0.018855 110.32 141.58 251.89 111.26 160.86 272.12 0.40425 0.51039 0.91464 44 1130.7 0.0008854 0.017824 113.28 139.52 252.80 114.28 158.67 272.95 0.41363 0.50027 0.91391 46 1191.0 0.0008924 0.016853 116.26 137.42 253.68 117.32 156.43 273.75 0.42302 0.49012 0.91315 48 1253.6 0.0008996 0.015939 119.26 135.29 254.55 120.39 154.14 274.53 0.43242 0.47993 0.91236 52 1386.2 0.0009150 0.014265 125.33 130.88 256.21 126.59 149.39 275.98 0.45126 0.45941 0.91067 56 1529.1 0.0009317 0.012771 131.49 126.28 257.77 132.91 144.38 277.30 0.47018 0.43863 0.90880 60 1682.8 0.0009498 0.011434 137.76 121.46 259.22 139.36 139.10 278.46 0.48920 0.41749 0.90669 65 1891.0 0.0009750 0.009950 145.77 115.05 260.82 147.62 132.02 279.64 0.51320 0.39039 0.90359 70 2118.2 0.0010037 0.008642 154.01 108.14 262.15 156.13 124.32 280.46 0.53755 0.36227 0.89982 75 2365.8 0.0010372 0.007480 162.53 100.60 263.13 164.98 115.85 280.82 0.56241 0.33272 0.89512 80 2635.3 0.0010772 0.006436 171.40 92.23 263.63 174.24 106.35 280.59 0.58800 0.30111 0.88912 85 2928.2 0.0011270 0.005486 180.77 82.67 263.44 184.07 95.44 279.51 0.61473 0.26644 0.88117 90 3246.9 0.0011932 0.004599 190.89 71.29 262.18 194.76 82.35 277.11 0.64336 0.22674 0.87010 95 3594.1 0.0012933 0.003726 202.40 56.47 258.87 207.05 65.21 272.26 0.67578 0.17711 0.85289 100 3975.1 0.0015269 0.002630 218.72 29.19 247.91 224.79 33.58 258.37 0.72217 0.08999 0.81215 Source: Tables A–11 through A–13 are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. The routine used in calculations is the R134a, which is based on the fundamental equation of state developed by R. Tillner-Roth and H.D. Baehr, “An International Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for temperatures from 170 K to 455 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994. The enthalpy and entropy values of saturated liquid are set to zero at 40°C (and 40°F). Appendix 1 | 1007 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1007 TABLE A–12 Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg · K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Press., temp., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, P kPa Tsat °C vf vg uf ufg ug hf hfg hg sf sfg sg 60 36.95 0.0007098 0.31121 3.798 205.32 209.12 3.841 223.95 227.79 0.01634 0.94807 0.96441 70 33.87 0.0007144 0.26929 7.680 203.20 210.88 7.730 222.00 229.73 0.03267 0.92775 0.96042 80 31.13 0.0007185 0.23753 11.15 201.30 212.46 11.21 220.25 231.46 0.04711 0.90999 0.95710 90 28.65 0.0007223 0.21263 14.31 199.57 213.88 14.37 218.65 233.02 0.06008 0.89419 0.95427 100 26.37 0.0007259 0.19254 17.21 197.98 215.19 17.28 217.16 234.44 0.07188 0.87995 0.95183 120 22.32 0.0007324 0.16212 22.40 195.11 217.51 22.49 214.48 236.97 0.09275 0.85503 0.94779 140 18.77 0.0007383 0.14014 26.98 192.57 219.54 27.08 212.08 239.16 0.11087 0.83368 0.94456 160 15.60 0.0007437 0.12348 31.09 190.27 221.35 31.21 209.90 241.11 0.12693 0.81496 0.94190 180 12.73 0.0007487 0.11041 34.83 188.16 222.99 34.97 207.90 242.86 0.14139 0.79826 0.93965 200 10.09 0.0007533 0.099867 38.28 186.21 224.48 38.43 206.03 244.46 0.15457 0.78316 0.93773 240 5.38 0.0007620 0.083897 44.48 182.67 227.14 44.66 202.62 247.28 0.17794 0.75664 0.93458 280 1.25 0.0007699 0.072352 49.97 179.50 229.46 50.18 199.54 249.72 0.19829 0.73381 0.93210 320 2.46 0.0007772 0.063604 54.92 176.61 231.52 55.16 196.71 251.88 0.21637 0.71369 0.93006 360 5.82 0.0007841 0.056738 59.44 173.94 233.38 59.72 194.08 253.81 0.23270 0.69566 0.92836 400 8.91 0.0007907 0.051201 63.62 171.45 235.07 63.94 191.62 255.55 0.24761 0.67929 0.92691 450 12.46 0.0007985 0.045619 68.45 168.54 237.00 68.81 188.71 257.53 0.26465 0.66069 0.92535 500 15.71 0.0008059 0.041118 72.93 165.82 238.75 73.33 185.98 259.30 0.28023 0.64377 0.92400 550 18.73 0.0008130 0.037408 77.10 163.25 240.35 77.54 183.38 260.92 0.29461 0.62821 0.92282 600 21.55 0.0008199 0.034295 81.02 160.81 241.83 81.51 180.90 262.40 0.30799 0.61378 0.92177 650 24.20 0.0008266 0.031646 84.72 158.48 243.20 85.26 178.51 263.77 0.32051 0.60030 0.92081 700 26.69 0.0008331 0.029361 88.24 156.24 244.48 88.82 176.21 265.03 0.33230 0.58763 0.91994 750 29.06 0.0008395 0.027371 91.59 154.08 245.67 92.22 173.98 266.20 0.34345 0.57567 0.91912 800 31.31 0.0008458 0.025621 94.79 152.00 246.79 95.47 171.82 267.29 0.35404 0.56431 0.91835 850 33.45 0.0008520 0.024069 97.87 149.98 247.85 98.60 169.71 268.31 0.36413 0.55349 0.91762 900 35.51 0.0008580 0.022683 100.83 148.01 248.85 101.61 167.66 269.26 0.37377 0.54315 0.91692 950 37.48 0.0008641 0.021438 103.69 146.10 249.79 104.51 165.64 270.15 0.38301 0.53323 0.91624 1000 39.37 0.0008700 0.020313 106.45 144.23 250.68 107.32 163.67 270.99 0.39189 0.52368 0.91558 1200 46.29 0.0008934 0.016715 116.70 137.11 253.81 117.77 156.10 273.87 0.42441 0.48863 0.91303 1400 52.40 0.0009166 0.014107 125.94 130.43 256.37 127.22 148.90 276.12 0.45315 0.45734 0.91050 1600 57.88 0.0009400 0.012123 134.43 124.04 258.47 135.93 141.93 277.86 0.47911 0.42873 0.90784 1800 62.87 0.0009639 0.010559 142.33 117.83 260.17 144.07 135.11 279.17 0.50294 0.40204 0.90498 2000 67.45 0.0009886 0.009288 149.78 111.73 261.51 151.76 128.33 280.09 0.52509 0.37675 0.90184 2500 77.54 0.0010566 0.006936 166.99 96.47 263.45 169.63 111.16 280.79 0.57531 0.31695 0.89226 3000 86.16 0.0011406 0.005275 183.04 80.22 263.26 186.46 92.63 279.09 0.62118 0.25776 0.87894 1008 | Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1008 Appendix 1 | 1011 20 10 4 1 0.1 0.04 0.02 0.01 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Enthalpy, kJ/kg Pr es su re , M Pa 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 0.2 0.4 2 20 10 4 1 0.1 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.2 R-134a T = 0 T = 0°°CC 2020 ––2020 ––4040 ––6060 4040 6060 8080 100 15 00 0. 64 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 –4 0 –2 0 0 2 0 40 6 0 80 1 00 12 0 14 0 T = 1 60 °C 18 0 20 0 2. 48 2. 64 2. 72s = 2 .5 6 22 0 24 0 26 0 28 0 30 0 sa tu ra te d va po r X = 0 .5 0. 72 0. 80 0. 88 sa tu ra te d liq ui ds 0. 96 1. 04 1. 12 1. 20 1. 28 1. 36 1. 44 1. 52 1. 60 1. 68 1. 76 1. 84 1. 92 2. 00 2. 08 2. 24 2. 32 2. 40 2. 48 s = 2. 16 k J/ kg K 14 50 14 00 13 50 13 00 12 50 12 00 k g/ m 3 11 50 11 00 10 50 10 00 95 0 90 0 85 0 80 0 70 0 600 500 400 300 160 120 90 70 60 50 40 32 24 16 12 8 6 Densityh = 200 kg/m 3 4 3.2 2.4 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 T = 0°C 20 –20 –40 –60 40 60 80 60 8 0 10 0 T = 1 60 °C 18 0 20 0 s 2 .1 6 kJ /k g Density = 200 kg/ 3 0.4 2 FIGURE A–14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a. Note: The reference point used for the chart is different than that used in the R-134a tables. Therefore, problems should be solved using all property data either from the tables or from the chart, but not from both. Reprinted by permission of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA. 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1011 1012 | Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences TABLE A–15 Properties of saturated water Volume Enthalpy Specific Thermal Prandtl Expansion Saturation Density of Heat Conductivity Dynamic Viscosity Number Coefficient Temp. Pressure r, kg/m 3 Vaporization cp, J/kg · K k, W/m · k m, kg/m · s Pr b, 1/K T, C Psat, kPa Liquid Vapor hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid 0.01 0.6113 999.8 0.0048 2501 4217 1854 0.561 0.0171 1.792 103 0.922 105 13.5 1.00 0.068 103 5 0.8721 999.9 0.0068 2490 4205 1857 0.571 0.0173 1.519 103 0.934 105 11.2 1.00 0.015 103 10 1.2276 999.7 0.0094 2478 4194 1862 0.580 0.0176 1.307 103 0.946 105 9.45 1.00 0.733 103 15 1.7051 999.1 0.0128 2466 4185 1863 0.589 0.0179 1.138 103 0.959 105 8.09 1.00 0.138 103 20 2.339 998.0 0.0173 2454 4182 1867 0.598 0.0182 1.002 103 0.973 105 7.01 1.00 0.195 103 25 3.169 997.0 0.0231 2442 4180 1870 0.607 0.0186 0.891 103 0.987 105 6.14 1.00 0.247 103 30 4.246 996.0 0.0304 2431 4178 1875 0.615 0.0189 0.798 103 1.001 105 5.42 1.00 0.294 103 35 5.628 994.0 0.0397 2419 4178 1880 0.623 0.0192 0.720 103 1.016 105 4.83 1.00 0.337 103 40 7.384 992.1 0.0512 2407 4179 1885 0.631 0.0196 0.653 103 1.031 105 4.32 1.00 0.377 103 45 9.593 990.1 0.0655 2395 4180 1892 0.637 0.0200 0.596 103 1.046 105 3.91 1.00 0.415 103 50 12.35 988.1 0.0831 2383 4181 1900 0.644 0.0204 0.547 103 1.062 105 3.55 1.00 0.451 103 55 15.76 985.2 0.1045 2371 4183 1908 0.649 0.0208 0.504 103 1.077 105 3.25 1.00 0.484 103 60 19.94 983.3 0.1304 2359 4185 1916 0.654 0.0212 0.467 103 1.093 105 2.99 1.00 0.517 103 65 25.03 980.4 0.1614 2346 4187 1926 0.659 0.0216 0.433 103 1.110 105 2.75 1.00 0.548 103 70 31.19 977.5 0.1983 2334 4190 1936 0.663 0.0221 0.404 103 1.126 105 2.55 1.00 0.578 103 75 38.58 974.7 0.2421 2321 4193 1948 0.667 0.0225 0.378 103 1.142 105 2.38 1.00 0.607 103 80 47.39 971.8 0.2935 2309 4197 1962 0.670 0.0230 0.355 103 1.159 105 2.22 1.00 0.653 103 85 57.83 968.1 0.3536 2296 4201 1977 0.673 0.0235 0.333 103 1.176 105 2.08 1.00 0.670 103 90 70.14 965.3 0.4235 2283 4206 1993 0.675 0.0240 0.315 103 1.193 105 1.96 1.00 0.702 103 95 84.55 961.5 0.5045 2270 4212 2010 0.677 0.0246 0.297 103 1.210 105 1.85 1.00 0.716 103 100 101.33 957.9 0.5978 2257 4217 2029 0.679 0.0251 0.282 103 1.227 105 1.75 1.00 0.750 103 110 143.27 950.6 0.8263 2230 4229 2071 0.682 0.0262 0.255 103 1.261 105 1.58 1.00 0.798 103 120 198.53 943.4 1.121 2203 4244 2120 0.683 0.0275 0.232 103 1.296 105 1.44 1.00 0.858 103 130 270.1 934.6 1.496 2174 4263 2177 0.684 0.0288 0.213 103 1.330 105 1.33 1.01 0.913 103 140 361.3 921.7 1.965 2145 4286 2244 0.683 0.0301 0.197 103 1.365 105 1.24 1.02 0.970 103 150 475.8 916.6 2.546 2114 4311 2314 0.682 0.0316 0.183 103 1.399 105 1.16 1.02 1.025 103 160 617.8 907.4 3.256 2083 4340 2420 0.680 0.0331 0.170 103 1.434 105 1.09 1.05 1.145 103 170 791.7 897.7 4.119 2050 4370 2490 0.677 0.0347 0.160 103 1.468 105 1.03 1.05 1.178 103 180 1,002.1 887.3 5.153 2015 4410 2590 0.673 0.0364 0.150 103 1.502 105 0.983 1.07 1.210 103 190 1,254.4 876.4 6.388 1979 4460 2710 0.669 0.0382 0.142 103 1.537 105 0.947 1.09 1.280 103 200 1,553.8 864.3 7.852 1941 4500 2840 0.663 0.0401 0.134 103 1.571 105 0.910 1.11 1.350 103 220 2,318 840.3 11.60 1859 4610 3110 0.650 0.0442 0.122 103 1.641 105 0.865 1.15 1.520 103 240 3,344 813.7 16.73 1767 4760 3520 0.632 0.0487 0.111 103 1.712 105 0.836 1.24 1.720 103 260 4,688 783.7 23.69 1663 4970 4070 0.609 0.0540 0.102 103 1.788 105 0.832 1.35 2.000 103 280 6,412 750.8 33.15 1544 5280 4835 0.581 0.0605 0.094 103 1.870 105 0.854 1.49 2.380 103 300 8,581 713.8 46.15 1405 5750 5980 0.548 0.0695 0.086 103 1.965 105 0.902 1.69 2.950 103 320 11,274 667.1 64.57 1239 6540 7900 0.509 0.0836 0.078 103 2.084 105 1.00 1.97 340 14,586 610.5 92.62 1028 8240 11,870 0.469 0.110 0.070 103 2.255 105 1.23 2.43 360 18,651 528.3 144.0 720 14,690 25,800 0.427 0.178 0.060 103 2.571 105 2.06 3.73 374.14 22,090 317.0 317.0 0 — — — — 0.043 103 4.313 105 Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n m/r and a k/rcp n/Pr. The temperatures 0.01C, 100C, and 374.14C are the triple-, boiling-, and critical-point temperatures of water, respectively. The properties listed above (except the vapor density) can be used at any pressure with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value. Note 2: The unit kJ/kg · C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kg · K, and the unit W/m · C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/m · K. Source: Viscosity and thermal conductivity data are from J. V. Sengers and J. T. R. Watson, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 15 (1986), pp. 1291–1322. Other data are obtained from various sources or calculated. 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1012 Appendix 1 | 1013 TABLE A–16 Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a Volume Enthalpy Specific Thermal Prandtl Expansion Saturation Density of Heat Conductivity Dynamic Viscosity Number Coefficient Surface Temp. Pressure r, kg/m 3 Vaporization cp, J/kg · K k, W/m · K m, kg/m · s Pr b, l/K Tension, T, C P, kPa Liquid Vapor hfg, kJ/kg Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid N/m 40 51.2 1418 2.773 225.9 1254 748.6 0.1101 0.00811 4.878 104 2.550 106 5.558 0.235 0.00205 0.01760 35 66.2 1403 3.524 222.7 1264 764.1 0.1084 0.00862 4.509 104 3.003 106 5.257 0.266 0.00209 0.01682 30 84.4 1389 4.429 219.5 1273 780.2 0.1066 0.00913 4.178 104 3.504 106 4.992 0.299 0.00215 0.01604 25 106.5 1374 5.509 216.3 1283 797.2 0.1047 0.00963 3.882 104 4.054 106 4.757 0.335 0.00220 0.01527 20 132.8 1359 6.787 213.0 1294 814.9 0.1028 0.01013 3.614 104 4.651 106 4.548 0.374 0.00227 0.01451 15 164.0 1343 8.288 209.5 1306 833.5 0.1009 0.01063 3.371 104 5.295 106 4.363 0.415 0.00233 0.01376 10 200.7 1327 10.04 206.0 1318 853.1 0.0989 0.01112 3.150 104 5.982 106 4.198 0.459 0.00241 0.01302 5 243.5 1311 12.07 202.4 1330 873.8 0.0968 0.01161 2.947 104 6.709 106 4.051 0.505 0.00249 0.01229 0 293.0 1295 14.42 198.7 1344 895.6 0.0947 0.01210 2.761 104 7.471 106 3.919 0.553 0.00258 0.01156 5 349.9 1278 17.12 194.8 1358 918.7 0.0925 0.01259 2.589 104 8.264 106 3.802 0.603 0.00269 0.01084 10 414.9 1261 20.22 190.8 1374 943.2 0.0903 0.01308 2.430 104 9.081 106 3.697 0.655 0.00280 0.01014 15 488.7 1244 23.75 186.6 1390 969.4 0.0880 0.01357 2.281 104 9.915 106 3.604 0.708 0.00293 0.00944 20 572.1 1226 27.77 182.3 1408 997.6 0.0856 0.01406 2.142 104 1.075 105 3.521 0.763 0.00307 0.00876 25 665.8 1207 32.34 177.8 1427 1028 0.0833 0.01456 2.012 104 1.160 105 3.448 0.819 0.00324 0.00808 30 770.6 1188 37.53 173.1 1448 1061 0.0808 0.01507 1.888 104 1.244 105 3.383 0.877 0.00342 0.00742 35 887.5 1168 43.41 168.2 1471 1098 0.0783 0.01558 1.772 104 1.327 105 3.328 0.935 0.00364 0.00677 40 1017.1 1147 50.08 163.0 1498 1138 0.0757 0.01610 1.660 104 1.408 105 3.285 0.995 0.00390 0.00613 45 1160.5 1125 57.66 157.6 1529 1184 0.0731 0.01664 1.554 104 1.486 105 3.253 1.058 0.00420 0.00550 50 1318.6 1102 66.27 151.8 1566 1237 0.0704 0.01720 1.453 104 1.562 105 3.231 1.123 0.00455 0.00489 55 1492.3 1078 76.11 145.7 1608 1298 0.0676 0.01777 1.355 104 1.634 105 3.223 1.193 0.00500 0.00429 60 1682.8 1053 87.38 139.1 1659 1372 0.0647 0.01838 1.260 104 1.704 105 3.229 1.272 0.00554 0.00372 65 1891.0 1026 100.4 132.1 1722 1462 0.0618 0.01902 1.167 104 1.771 105 3.255 1.362 0.00624 0.00315 70 2118.2 996.2 115.6 124.4 1801 1577 0.0587 0.01972 1.077 104 1.839 105 3.307 1.471 0.00716 0.00261 75 2365.8 964 133.6 115.9 1907 1731 0.0555 0.02048 9.891 105 1.908 105 3.400 1.612 0.00843 0.00209 80 2635.2 928.2 155.3 106.4 2056 1948 0.0521 0.02133 9.011 105 1.982 105 3.558 1.810 0.01031 0.00160 85 2928.2 887.1 182.3 95.4 2287 2281 0.0484 0.02233 8.124 105 2.071 105 3.837 2.116 0.01336 0.00114 90 3246.9 837.7 217.8 82.2 2701 2865 0.0444 0.02357 7.203 105 2.187 105 4.385 2.658 0.01911 0.00071 95 3594.1 772.5 269.3 64.9 3675 4144 0.0396 0.02544 6.190 105 2.370 105 5.746 3.862 0.03343 0.00033 100 3975.1 651.7 376.3 33.9 7959 8785 0.0322 0.02989 4.765 105 2.833 105 11.77 8.326 0.10047 0.00004 Note 1: Kinematic viscosity n and thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, n m/r and a k/rcp n/Pr. The properties listed here (except the vapor density) can be used at any pressures with negligible error except at temperatures near the critical-point value. Note 2: The unit kJ/kg · C for specific heat is equivalent to kJ/kg · K, and the unit W/m · C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to W/m · K. Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: R. Tillner-Roth and H. D. Baehr, “An International Standard Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) for Temperatures from 170 K to 455 K and Pressures up to 70 MPa,” J. Phys. Chem, Ref. Data, Vol. 23, No. 5, 1994; M.J. Assael, N. K. Dalaouti, A. A. Griva, and J. H. Dymond, “Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Halogenated Methane and Ethane Refrigerants,” IJR, Vol. 22, pp. 525–535, 1999; NIST REFPROP 6 program (M. O. McLinden, S. A. Klein, E. W. Lemmon, and A. P. Peskin, Physical and Chemical Properties Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80303, 1995). 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1013 1016 | Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences TABLE A–19 Properties of liquids Volume Specific Thermal Thermal Dynamic Kinematic Prandtl Expansion Temp. Density Heat Conductivity Diffusivity Viscosity Viscosity Number Coeff. T, C r, kg/m3 cp, J/kg · K k, W/m · K a, m2/s m, kg/m · s n, m2/s Pr b, 1/K Methane [CH4] 160 420.2 3492 0.1863 1.270 107 1.133 104 2.699 107 2.126 0.00352 150 405.0 3580 0.1703 1.174 107 9.169 105 2.264 107 1.927 0.00391 140 388.8 3700 0.1550 1.077 107 7.551 105 1.942 107 1.803 0.00444 130 371.1 3875 0.1402 9.749 108 6.288 105 1.694 107 1.738 0.00520 120 351.4 4146 0.1258 8.634 108 5.257 105 1.496 107 1.732 0.00637 110 328.8 4611 0.1115 7.356 108 4.377 105 1.331 107 1.810 0.00841 100 301.0 5578 0.0967 5.761 108 3.577 105 1.188 107 2.063 0.01282 90 261.7 8902 0.0797 3.423 108 2.761 105 1.055 107 3.082 0.02922 Methanol [CH3(OH)] 20 788.4 2515 0.1987 1.002 107 5.857 104 7.429 107 7.414 0.00118 30 779.1 2577 0.1980 9.862 108 5.088 104 6.531 107 6.622 0.00120 40 769.6 2644 0.1972 9.690 108 4.460 104 5.795 107 5.980 0.00123 50 760.1 2718 0.1965 9.509 108 3.942 104 5.185 107 5.453 0.00127 60 750.4 2798 0.1957 9.320 108 3.510 104 4.677 107 5.018 0.00132 70 740.4 2885 0.1950 9.128 108 3.146 104 4.250 107 4.655 0.00137 Isobutane (R600a) 100 683.8 1881 0.1383 1.075 107 9.305 104 1.360 106 12.65 0.00142 75 659.3 1970 0.1357 1.044 107 5.624 104 8.531 107 8.167 0.00150 50 634.3 2069 0.1283 9.773 108 3.769 104 5.942 107 6.079 0.00161 25 608.2 2180 0.1181 8.906 108 2.688 104 4.420 107 4.963 0.00177 0 580.6 2306 0.1068 7.974 108 1.993 104 3.432 107 4.304 0.00199 25 550.7 2455 0.0956 7.069 108 1.510 104 2.743 107 3.880 0.00232 50 517.3 2640 0.0851 6.233 108 1.155 104 2.233 107 3.582 0.00286 75 478.5 2896 0.0757 5.460 108 8.785 105 1.836 107 3.363 0.00385 100 429.6 3361 0.0669 4.634 108 6.483 105 1.509 107 3.256 0.00628 Glycerin 0 1276 2262 0.2820 9.773 108 10.49 8.219 103 84,101 5 1273 2288 0.2835 9.732 108 6.730 5.287 103 54,327 10 1270 2320 0.2846 9.662 108 4.241 3.339 103 34,561 15 1267 2354 0.2856 9.576 108 2.496 1.970 103 20,570 20 1264 2386 0.2860 9.484 108 1.519 1.201 103 12,671 25 1261 2416 0.2860 9.388 108 0.9934 7.878 104 8,392 30 1258 2447 0.2860 9.291 108 0.6582 5.232 104 5,631 35 1255 2478 0.2860 9.195 108 0.4347 3.464 104 3,767 40 1252 2513 0.2863 9.101 108 0.3073 2.455 104 2,697 Engine Oil (unused) 0 899.0 1797 0.1469 9.097 108 3.814 4.242 103 46,636 0.00070 20 888.1 1881 0.1450 8.680 108 0.8374 9.429 104 10,863 0.00070 40 876.0 1964 0.1444 8.391 108 0.2177 2.485 104 2,962 0.00070 60 863.9 2048 0.1404 7.934 108 0.07399 8.565 105 1,080 0.00070 80 852.0 2132 0.1380 7.599 108 0.03232 3.794 105 499.3 0.00070 100 840.0 2220 0.1367 7.330 108 0.01718 2.046 105 279.1 0.00070 120 828.9 2308 0.1347 7.042 108 0.01029 1.241 105 176.3 0.00070 140 816.8 2395 0.1330 6.798 108 0.006558 8.029 106 118.1 0.00070 150 810.3 2441 0.1327 6.708 108 0.005344 6.595 106 98.31 0.00070 Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources. 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1016 Appendix 1 | 1017 TABLE A–20 Properties of liquid metals Volume Specific Thermal Thermal Dynamic Kinematic Prandtl Expansion Temp. Density Heat Conductivity Diffusivity Viscosity Viscosity Number Coeff. T, C r, kg/m3 cp, J/kg · K k, W/m · K a, m2/s m, kg/m · s n, m2/s Pr b, 1/K Mercury (Hg) Melting Point: 39C 0 13595 140.4 8.18200 4.287 106 1.687 103 1.241 107 0.0289 1.810 104 25 13534 139.4 8.51533 4.514 106 1.534 103 1.133 107 0.0251 1.810 104 50 13473 138.6 8.83632 4.734 106 1.423 103 1.056 107 0.0223 1.810 104 75 13412 137.8 9.15632 4.956 106 1.316 103 9.819 108 0.0198 1.810 104 100 13351 137.1 9.46706 5.170 106 1.245 103 9.326 108 0.0180 1.810 104 150 13231 136.1 10.07780 5.595 106 1.126 103 8.514 108 0.0152 1.810 104 200 13112 135.5 10.65465 5.996 106 1.043 103 7.959 108 0.0133 1.815 104 250 12993 135.3 11.18150 6.363 106 9.820 104 7.558 108 0.0119 1.829 104 300 12873 135.3 11.68150 6.705 106 9.336 104 7.252 108 0.0108 1.854 104 Bismuth (Bi) Melting Point: 271C 350 9969 146.0 16.28 1.118 105 1.540 103 1.545 107 0.01381 400 9908 148.2 16.10 1.096 105 1.422 103 1.436 107 0.01310 500 9785 152.8 15.74 1.052 105 1.188 103 1.215 107 0.01154 600 9663 157.3 15.60 1.026 105 1.013 103 1.048 107 0.01022 700 9540 161.8 15.60 1.010 105 8.736 104 9.157 108 0.00906 Lead (Pb) Melting Point: 327C 400 10506 158 15.97 9.623 106 2.277 103 2.167 107 0.02252 450 10449 156 15.74 9.649 106 2.065 103 1.976 107 0.02048 500 10390 155 15.54 9.651 106 1.884 103 1.814 107 0.01879 550 10329 155 15.39 9.610 106 1.758 103 1.702 107 0.01771 600 10267 155 15.23 9.568 106 1.632 103 1.589 107 0.01661 650 10206 155 15.07 9.526 106 1.505 103 1.475 107 0.01549 700 10145 155 14.91 9.483 106 1.379 103 1.360 107 0.01434 Sodium (Na) Melting Point: 98C 100 927.3 1378 85.84 6.718 105 6.892 104 7.432 107 0.01106 200 902.5 1349 80.84 6.639 105 5.385 104 5.967 107 0.008987 300 877.8 1320 75.84 6.544 105 3.878 104 4.418 107 0.006751 400 853.0 1296 71.20 6.437 105 2.720 104 3.188 107 0.004953 500 828.5 1284 67.41 6.335 105 2.411 104 2.909 107 0.004593 600 804.0 1272 63.63 6.220 105 2.101 104 2.614 107 0.004202 Potassium (K) Melting Point: 64C 200 795.2 790.8 43.99 6.995 105 3.350 104 4.213 107 0.006023 300 771.6 772.8 42.01 7.045 105 2.667 104 3.456 107 0.004906 400 748.0 754.8 40.03 7.090 105 1.984 104 2.652 107 0.00374 500 723.9 750.0 37.81 6.964 105 1.668 104 2.304 107 0.003309 600 699.6 750.0 35.50 6.765 105 1.487 104 2.126 107 0.003143 Sodium-Potassium (%22Na-%78K) Melting Point: 11C 100 847.3 944.4 25.64 3.205 105 5.707 104 6.736 107 0.02102 200 823.2 922.5 26.27 3.459 105 4.587 104 5.572 107 0.01611 300 799.1 900.6 26.89 3.736 105 3.467 104 4.339 107 0.01161 400 775.0 879.0 27.50 4.037 105 2.357 104 3.041 107 0.00753 500 751.5 880.1 27.89 4.217 105 2.108 104 2.805 107 0.00665 600 728.0 881.2 28.28 4.408 105 1.859 104 2.553 107 0.00579 Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources. 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1017 1018 | Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences TABLE A–21 Ideal-gas properties of air T h u s° T h u s° K kJ/kg Pr kJ/kg vr kJ/kg · K K kJ/kg Pr kJ/kg vr kJ/kg · K 200 199.97 0.3363 142.56 1707.0 1.29559 580 586.04 14.38 419.55 115.7 2.37348 210 209.97 0.3987 149.69 1512.0 1.34444 590 596.52 15.31 427.15 110.6 2.39140 220 219.97 0.4690 156.82 1346.0 1.39105 600 607.02 16.28 434.78 105.8 2.40902 230 230.02 0.5477 164.00 1205.0 1.43557 610 617.53 17.30 442.42 101.2 2.42644 240 240.02 0.6355 171.13 1084.0 1.47824 620 628.07 18.36 450.09 96.92 2.44356 250 250.05 0.7329 178.28 979.0 1.51917 630 638.63 19.84 457.78 92.84 2.46048 260 260.09 0.8405 185.45 887.8 1.55848 640 649.22 20.64 465.50 88.99 2.47716 270 270.11 0.9590 192.60 808.0 1.59634 650 659.84 21.86 473.25 85.34 2.49364 280 280.13 1.0889 199.75 738.0 1.63279 660 670.47 23.13 481.01 81.89 2.50985 285 285.14 1.1584 203.33 706.1 1.65055 670 681.14 24.46 488.81 78.61 2.52589 290 290.16 1.2311 206.91 676.1 1.66802 680 691.82 25.85 496.62 75.50 2.54175 295 295.17 1.3068 210.49 647.9 1.68515 690 702.52 27.29 504.45 72.56 2.55731 298 298.18 1.3543 212.64 631.9 1.69528 700 713.27 28.80 512.33 69.76 2.57277 300 300.19 1.3860 214.07 621.2 1.70203 710 724.04 30.38 520.23 67.07 2.58810 305 305.22 1.4686 217.67 596.0 1.71865 720 734.82 32.02 528.14 64.53 2.60319 310 310.24 1.5546 221.25 572.3 1.73498 730 745.62 33.72 536.07 62.13 2.61803 315 315.27 1.6442 224.85 549.8 1.75106 740 756.44 35.50 544.02 59.82 2.63280 320 320.29 1.7375 228.42 528.6 1.76690 750 767.29 37.35 551.99 57.63 2.64737 325 325.31 1.8345 232.02 508.4 1.78249 760 778.18 39.27 560.01 55.54 2.66176 330 330.34 1.9352 235.61 489.4 1.79783 780 800.03 43.35 576.12 51.64 2.69013 340 340.42 2.149 242.82 454.1 1.82790 800 821.95 47.75 592.30 48.08 2.71787 350 350.49 2.379 250.02 422.2 1.85708 820 843.98 52.59 608.59 44.84 2.74504 360 360.58 2.626 257.24 393.4 1.88543 840 866.08 57.60 624.95 41.85 2.77170 370 370.67 2.892 264.46 367.2 1.91313 860 888.27 63.09 641.40 39.12 2.79783 380 380.77 3.176 271.69 343.4 1.94001 880 910.56 68.98 657.95 36.61 2.82344 390 390.88 3.481 278.93 321.5 1.96633 900 932.93 75.29 674.58 34.31 2.84856 400 400.98 3.806 286.16 301.6 1.99194 920 955.38 82.05 691.28 32.18 2.87324 410 411.12 4.153 293.43 283.3 2.01699 940 977.92 89.28 708.08 30.22 2.89748 420 421.26 4.522 300.69 266.6 2.04142 960 1000.55 97.00 725.02 28.40 2.92128 430 431.43 4.915 307.99 251.1 2.06533 980 1023.25 105.2 741.98 26.73 2.94468 440 441.61 5.332 315.30 236.8 2.08870 1000 1046.04 114.0 758.94 25.17 2.96770 450 451.80 5.775 322.62 223.6 2.11161 1020 1068.89 123.4 776.10 23.72 2.99034 460 462.02 6.245 329.97 211.4 2.13407 1040 1091.85 133.3 793.36 23.29 3.01260 470 472.24 6.742 337.32 200.1 2.15604 1060 1114.86 143.9 810.62 21.14 3.03449 480 482.49 7.268 344.70 189.5 2.17760 1080 1137.89 155.2 827.88 19.98 3.05608 490 492.74 7.824 352.08 179.7 2.19876 1100 1161.07 167.1 845.33 18.896 3.07732 500 503.02 8.411 359.49 170.6 2.21952 1120 1184.28 179.7 862.79 17.886 3.09825 510 513.32 9.031 366.92 162.1 2.23993 1140 1207.57 193.1 880.35 16.946 3.11883 520 523.63 9.684 374.36 154.1 2.25997 1160 1230.92 207.2 897.91 16.064 3.13916 530 533.98 10.37 381.84 146.7 2.27967 1180 1254.34 222.2 915.57 15.241 3.15916 540 544.35 11.10 389.34 139.7 2.29906 1200 1277.79 238.0 933.33 14.470 3.17888 550 555.74 11.86 396.86 133.1 2.31809 1220 1301.31 254.7 951.09 13.747 3.19834 560 565.17 12.66 404.42 127.0 2.33685 1240 1324.93 272.3 968.95 13.069 3.21751 570 575.59 13.50 411.97 121.2 2.35531 (Continued) 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1018 Appendix 1 | 1021 TABLE A–23 Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure Specific Thermal Thermal Dynamic Kinematic Prandtl Temp. Density Heat Conductivity Diffusivity Viscosity Viscosity Number T, C r, kg/m3 cp, J /kg · K k, W/m · K a, m2/s m, kg/m · s n, m2/ s Pr Carbon Dioxide, CO2 50 2.4035 746 0.01051 5.860 106 1.129 105 4.699 106 0.8019 0 1.9635 811 0.01456 9.141 106 1.375 105 7.003 106 0.7661 50 1.6597 866.6 0.01858 1.291 105 1.612 105 9.714 106 0.7520 100 1.4373 914.8 0.02257 1.716 105 1.841 105 1.281 105 0.7464 150 1.2675 957.4 0.02652 2.186 105 2.063 105 1.627 105 0.7445 200 1.1336 995.2 0.03044 2.698 105 2.276 105 2.008 105 0.7442 300 0.9358 1060 0.03814 3.847 105 2.682 105 2.866 105 0.7450 400 0.7968 1112 0.04565 5.151 105 3.061 105 3.842 105 0.7458 500 0.6937 1156 0.05293 6.600 105 3.416 105 4.924 105 0.7460 1000 0.4213 1292 0.08491 1.560 104 4.898 105 1.162 104 0.7455 1500 0.3025 1356 0.10688 2.606 104 6.106 105 2.019 104 0.7745 2000 0.2359 1387 0.11522 3.521 104 7.322 105 3.103 104 0.8815 Carbon Monoxide, CO 50 1.5297 1081 0.01901 1.149 105 1.378 105 9.012 106 0.7840 0 1.2497 1048 0.02278 1.739 105 1.629 105 1.303 105 0.7499 50 1.0563 1039 0.02641 2.407 105 1.863 105 1.764 105 0.7328 100 0.9148 1041 0.02992 3.142 105 2.080 105 2.274 105 0.7239 150 0.8067 1049 0.03330 3.936 105 2.283 105 2.830 105 0.7191 200 0.7214 1060 0.03656 4.782 105 2.472 105 3.426 105 0.7164 300 0.5956 1085 0.04277 6.619 105 2.812 105 4.722 105 0.7134 400 0.5071 1111 0.04860 8.628 105 3.111 105 6.136 105 0.7111 500 0.4415 1135 0.05412 1.079 104 3.379 105 7.653 105 0.7087 1000 0.2681 1226 0.07894 2.401 104 4.557 105 1.700 104 0.7080 1500 0.1925 1279 0.10458 4.246 104 6.321 105 3.284 104 0.7733 2000 0.1502 1309 0.13833 7.034 104 9.826 105 6.543 104 0.9302 Methane, CH4 50 0.8761 2243 0.02367 1.204 105 8.564 106 9.774 106 0.8116 0 0.7158 2217 0.03042 1.917 105 1.028 105 1.436 105 0.7494 50 0.6050 2302 0.03766 2.704 105 1.191 105 1.969 105 0.7282 100 0.5240 2443 0.04534 3.543 105 1.345 105 2.567 105 0.7247 150 0.4620 2611 0.05344 4.431 105 1.491 105 3.227 105 0.7284 200 0.4132 2791 0.06194 5.370 105 1.630 105 3.944 105 0.7344 300 0.3411 3158 0.07996 7.422 105 1.886 105 5.529 105 0.7450 400 0.2904 3510 0.09918 9.727 105 2.119 105 7.297 105 0.7501 500 0.2529 3836 0.11933 1.230 104 2.334 105 9.228 105 0.7502 1000 0.1536 5042 0.22562 2.914 104 3.281 105 2.136 104 0.7331 1500 0.1103 5701 0.31857 5.068 104 4.434 105 4.022 104 0.7936 2000 0.0860 6001 0.36750 7.120 104 6.360 105 7.395 104 1.0386 Hydrogen, H2 50 0.11010 12635 0.1404 1.009 104 7.293 106 6.624 105 0.6562 0 0.08995 13920 0.1652 1.319 104 8.391 106 9.329 105 0.7071 50 0.07603 14349 0.1881 1.724 104 9.427 106 1.240 104 0.7191 100 0.06584 14473 0.2095 2.199 104 1.041 105 1.582 104 0.7196 150 0.05806 14492 0.2296 2.729 104 1.136 105 1.957 104 0.7174 200 0.05193 14482 0.2486 3.306 104 1.228 105 2.365 104 0.7155 (Continued) 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1021 1022 | Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences 300 0.04287 14481 0.2843 4.580 104 1.403 105 3.274 104 0.7149 400 0.03650 14540 0.3180 5.992 104 1.570 105 4.302 104 0.7179 500 0.03178 14653 0.3509 7.535 104 1.730 105 5.443 104 0.7224 1000 0.01930 15577 0.5206 1.732 103 2.455 105 1.272 103 0.7345 1500 0.01386 16553 0.6581 2.869 103 3.099 105 2.237 103 0.7795 2000 0.01081 17400 0.5480 2.914 103 3.690 105 3.414 103 1.1717 Nitrogen, N2 50 1.5299 957.3 0.02001 1.366 105 1.390 105 9.091 106 0.6655 0 1.2498 1035 0.02384 1.843 105 1.640 105 1.312 105 0.7121 50 1.0564 1042 0.02746 2.494 105 1.874 105 1.774 105 0.7114 100 0.9149 1041 0.03090 3.244 105 2.094 105 2.289 105 0.7056 150 0.8068 1043 0.03416 4.058 105 2.300 105 2.851 105 0.7025 200 0.7215 1050 0.03727 4.921 105 2.494 105 3.457 105 0.7025 300 0.5956 1070 0.04309 6.758 105 2.849 105 4.783 105 0.7078 400 0.5072 1095 0.04848 8.727 105 3.166 105 6.242 105 0.7153 500 0.4416 1120 0.05358 1.083 104 3.451 105 7.816 105 0.7215 1000 0.2681 1213 0.07938 2.440 104 4.594 105 1.713 104 0.7022 1500 0.1925 1266 0.11793 4.839 104 5.562 105 2.889 104 0.5969 2000 0.1502 1297 0.18590 9.543 104 6.426 105 4.278 104 0.4483 Oxygen, O2 50 1.7475 984.4 0.02067 1.201 105 1.616 105 9.246 106 0.7694 0 1.4277 928.7 0.02472 1.865 105 1.916 105 1.342 105 0.7198 50 1.2068 921.7 0.02867 2.577 105 2.194 105 1.818 105 0.7053 100 1.0451 931.8 0.03254 3.342 105 2.451 105 2.346 105 0.7019 150 0.9216 947.6 0.03637 4.164 105 2.694 105 2.923 105 0.7019 200 0.8242 964.7 0.04014 5.048 105 2.923 105 3.546 105 0.7025 300 0.6804 997.1 0.04751 7.003 105 3.350 105 4.923 105 0.7030 400 0.5793 1025 0.05463 9.204 105 3.744 105 6.463 105 0.7023 500 0.5044 1048 0.06148 1.163 104 4.114 105 8.156 105 0.7010 1000 0.3063 1121 0.09198 2.678 104 5.732 105 1.871 104 0.6986 1500 0.2199 1165 0.11901 4.643 104 7.133 105 3.243 104 0.6985 2000 0.1716 1201 0.14705 7.139 104 8.417 105 4.907 104 0.6873 Water Vapor, H2O 50 0.9839 1892 0.01353 7.271 106 7.187 106 7.305 106 1.0047 0 0.8038 1874 0.01673 1.110 105 8.956 106 1.114 105 1.0033 50 0.6794 1874 0.02032 1.596 105 1.078 105 1.587 105 0.9944 100 0.5884 1887 0.02429 2.187 105 1.265 105 2.150 105 0.9830 150 0.5189 1908 0.02861 2.890 105 1.456 105 2.806 105 0.9712 200 0.4640 1935 0.03326 3.705 105 1.650 105 3.556 105 0.9599 300 0.3831 1997 0.04345 5.680 105 2.045 105 5.340 105 0.9401 400 0.3262 2066 0.05467 8.114 105 2.446 105 7.498 105 0.9240 500 0.2840 2137 0.06677 1.100 104 2.847 105 1.002 104 0.9108 1000 0.1725 2471 0.13623 3.196 104 4.762 105 2.761 104 0.8639 1500 0.1238 2736 0.21301 6.288 104 6.411 105 5.177 104 0.8233 2000 0.0966 2928 0.29183 1.032 103 7.808 105 8.084 104 0.7833 Note: For ideal gases, the properties cp, k, m, and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties r, n, and a at a pressure P (in atm) other than 1 atm are determined by multiplying the values of p at the given temperature by r and by dividing n and a by P. Source: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Originally based on various sources. TABLE A–23 Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure (Continued) Specific Thermal Thermal Dynamic Kinematic Prandtl Temp. Density Heat Conductivity Diffusivity Viscosity Viscosity Number T, C r, kg/m3 cp, J /kg · K k, W/m · K a, m2/s m, kg /m · s n, m2/s Pr 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1022 Appendix 1 | 1023 TABLE A–24 Properties of solid metals Properties at Various Temperatures (K), Melting Properties at 300 K k(W/m · K)/cp(J/kg · K) Point, r cp k a 106 Composition K kg/m3 J/kg · K W/m · K m2/s 100 200 400 600 800 1000 Aluminum: Pure 933 2702 903 237 97.1 302 237 240 231 218 482 798 949 1033 1146 Alloy 2024-T6 775 2770 875 177 73.0 65 163 186 186 (4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg, 0.6% Mn) 473 787 925 1042 Alloy 195, Cast (4.5% Cu) 2790 883 168 68.2 174 185 Beryllium 1550 1850 1825 200 59.2 990 301 161 126 106 90.8 203 1114 2191 2604 2823 3018 Bismuth 545 9780 122 7.86 6.59 16.5 9.69 7.04 112 120 127 Boron 2573 2500 1107 27.0 9.76 190 55.5 16.8 10.6 9.60 9.85 128 600 1463 1892 2160 2338 Cadmium 594 8650 231 96.8 48.4 203 99.3 94.7 198 222 242 Chromium 2118 7160 449 93.7 29.1 159 111 90.9 80.7 71.3 65.4 192 384 484 542 581 616 Cobalt 1769 8862 421 99.2 26.6 167 122 85.4 67.4 58.2 52.1 236 379 450 503 550 628 Copper: Pure 1358 8933 385 401 117 482 413 393 379 366 352 252 356 397 417 433 451 Commercial bronze 1293 8800 420 52 14 42 52 59 (90% Cu, 10% Al) 785 160 545 Phosphor gear bronze 1104 8780 355 54 17 41 65 74 (89% Cu, 11% Sn) — — — Cartridge brass 1188 8530 380 110 33.9 75 95 137 149 (70% Cu, 30% Zn) 360 395 425 Constantan 1493 8920 384 23 6.71 17 19 (55% Cu, 45% Ni) 237 362 Germanium 1211 5360 322 59.9 34.7 232 96.8 43.2 27.3 19.8 17.4 190 290 337 348 357 375 Gold 1336 19,300 129 317 127 327 323 311 298 284 270 109 124 131 135 140 145 Iridium 2720 22,500 130 147 50.3 172 153 144 138 132 126 90 122 133 138 144 153 Iron: Pure 1810 7870 447 80.2 23.1 134 94.0 69.5 54.7 43.3 32.8 216 384 490 574 680 975 Armco (99.75% pure) 7870 447 72.7 20.7 95.6 80.6 65.7 53.1 42.2 32.3 215 384 490 574 680 975 Carbon steels: Plain carbon (Mn 1% 7854 434 60.5 17.7 56.7 48.0 39.2 30.0 Si 0.1%) 487 559 685 1169 AISI 1010 7832 434 63.9 18.8 58.7 48.8 39.2 31.3 487 559 685 1168 Carbon–silicon (Mn 1% 7817 446 51.9 14.9 49.8 44.0 37.4 29.3 0.1% Si 0.6%) 501 582 699 971 (Continued) 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1023 1026 | Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences TABLE A–25 Properties of solid non-metals Properties at Various Temperatures (K), Melting Properties at 300 K k (W/m · K)/cp(J/kg · K) Point, r cp k a 106 Composition K kg/m3 J/kg · KW/m · K m2/s 100 200 400 600 800 1000 Aluminum oxide, 2323 3970 765 46 15.1 450 82 32.4 18.9 13.0 10.5 sapphire — — 940 1110 1180 1225 Aluminum oxide, 2323 3970 765 36.0 11.9 133 55 26.4 15.8 10.4 7.85 polycrystalline — — 940 1110 1180 1225 Beryllium oxide 2725 3000 1030 272 88.0 196 111 70 47 1350 1690 1865 1975 Boron 2573 2500 1105 27.6 9.99 190 52.5 18.7 11.3 8.1 6.3 — — 1490 1880 2135 2350 Boron fiber epoxy 590 2080 (30% vol.) composite k, || to fibers 2.29 2.10 2.23 2.28 k, to fibers 0.59 0.37 0.49 0.60 cp 1122 364 757 1431 Carbon Amorphous 1500 1950 — 1.60 — 0.67 1.18 1.89 21.9 2.37 2.53 — — — — — — Diamond, type lla — 3500 509 2300 10,000 4000 1540 insulator 21 194 853 Graphite, pyrolytic 2273 2210 k, || to layers 1950 4970 3230 1390 892 667 534 k, to layers 5.70 16.8 9.23 4.09 2.68 2.01 1.60 cp 709 136 411 992 1406 1650 1793 Graphite fiber 450 1400 epoxy (25% vol.) composite k, heat flow || to fibers 11.1 5.7 8.7 13.0 k, heat flow to fibers 0.87 0.46 0.68 1.1 cp 935 337 642 1216 Pyroceram, 1623 2600 808 3.98 1.89 5.25 4.78 3.64 3.28 3.08 2.96 Corning 9606 — — 908 1038 1122 1197 Silicon carbide 3100 3160 675 490 230 — — — 87 880 1050 1135 1195 Silicon dioxide, 1883 2650 crystalline (quartz) k, || to c-axis 10.4 39 16.4 7.6 5.0 4.2 k, to c-axis 6.21 20.8 9.5 4.70 3.4 3.1 cp 745 — — 885 1075 1250 Silicon dioxide, 1883 2220 745 1.38 0.834 0.69 1.14 1.51 1.75 2.17 2.87 polycrystalline (fused silica) — — 905 1040 1105 1155 Silicon nitride 2173 2400 691 16.0 9.65 — — 13.9 11.3 9.88 8.76 — 578 778 937 1063 1155 Sulfur 392 2070 708 0.206 0.141 0.165 0.185 403 606 Thorium dioxide 3573 9110 235 13 6.1 10.2 6.6 4.7 3.68 255 274 285 295 Titanium dioxide, 2133 4157 710 8.4 2.8 7.01 5.02 8.94 3.46 polycrystalline 805 880 910 930 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1026 Appendix 1 | 1027 TABLE A–26 Emissivities of surfaces (a) Metals Temperature, Emissivity, Material K e Aluminum Polished 300–900 0.04–0.06 Commercial sheet 400 0.09 Heavily oxidized 400–800 0.20–0.33 Anodized 300 0.8 Bismuth, bright 350 0.34 Brass Highly polished 500–650 0.03–0.04 Polished 350 0.09 Dull plate 300–600 0.22 Oxidized 450–800 0.6 Chromium, polished 300–1400 0.08–0.40 Copper Highly polished 300 0.02 Polished 300–500 0.04–0.05 Commercial sheet 300 0.15 Oxidized 600–1000 0.5–0.8 Black oxidized 300 0.78 Gold Highly polished 300–1000 0.03–0.06 Bright foil 300 0.07 Iron Highly polished 300–500 0.05–0.07 Case iron 300 0.44 Wrought iron 300–500 0.28 Rusted 300 0.61 Oxidized 500–900 0.64–0.78 Lead Polished 300–500 0.06–0.08 Unoxidized, rough 300 0.43 Oxidized 300 0.63 Temperature, Emissivity, Material K e Magnesium, polished 300–500 0.07–0.13 Mercury 300–400 0.09–0.12 Molybdenum Polished 300–2000 0.05–0.21 Oxidized 600–800 0.80–0.82 Nickel Polished 500–1200 0.07–0.17 Oxidized 450–1000 0.37–0.57 Platinum, polished 500–1500 0.06–0.18 Silver, polished 300–1000 0.02–0.07 Stainless steel Polished 300–1000 0.17–0.30 Lightly oxidized 600–1000 0.30–0.40 Highly oxidized 600–1000 0.70–0.80 Steel Polished sheet 300–500 0.08–0.14 Commercial sheet 500–1200 0.20–0.32 Heavily oxidized 300 0.81 Tin, polished 300 0.05 Tungsten Polished 300–2500 0.03–0.29 Filament 3500 0.39 Zinc Polished 300–800 0.02–0.05 Oxidized 300 0.25 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1027 1028 | Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences TABLE A–26 Emissivities of surfaces (Concluded) (b) Nonmetals Temperature, Emissivity, Material K e Alumina 800–1400 0.65–0.45 Aluminum oxide 600–1500 0.69–0.41 Asbestos 300 0.96 Asphalt pavement 300 0.85–0.93 Brick Common 300 0.93–0.96 Fireclay 1200 0.75 Carbon filament 2000 0.53 Cloth 300 0.75–0.90 Concrete 300 0.88–0.94 Glass Window 300 0.90–0.95 Pyrex 300–1200 0.82–0.62 Pyroceram 300–1500 0.85–0.57 Ice 273 0.95–0.99 Magnesium oxide 400–800 0.69–0.55 Masonry 300 0.80 Paints Aluminum 300 0.40–0.50 Black, lacquer, shiny 300 0.88 Oils, all colors 300 0.92–0.96 Red primer 300 0.93 White acrylic 300 0.90 White enamel 300 0.90 Temperature, Emissivity, Material K e Paper, white 300 0.90 Plaster, white 300 0.93 Porcelain, glazed 300 0.92 Quartz, rough, fused 300 0.93 Rubber Hard 300 0.93 Soft 300 0.86 Sand 300 0.90 Silicon carbide 600–1500 0.87–0.85 Skin, human 300 0.95 Snow 273 0.80–0.90 Soil, earth 300 0.93–0.96 Soot 300–500 0.95 Teflon 300–500 0.85–0.92 Water, deep 273–373 0.95–0.96 Wood Beech 300 0.94 Oak 300 0.90 23-R4232-APP1 6/8/07 5:09 PM Page 1028